Noun

Classification of NOUN :  Noun is a naming word that refers to a person, place and thing. किसी व्यक्ति, स्थान या वस्तु के नाम को व्यक्त करने वाले शब्दों को  Noun (संज्ञा) कहते हैं । e.g. Manoj, Ravi, Cow, Dog, Gold, Kolkata, Jaipur, Truth, Honesty, Air, etc. NOTE : वस्तु शब्द के विचार में आने वाले सभी पदार्थों का वर्णन आ जाता है। There are five kinds of Noun Common noun Proper noun Material Noun Collective noun Abstract Noun
Common Noun किसी व्यक्ति, स्थान, वस्तु जो एक ही जाति के हों , के नाम को Proper Noun (Common Noun) की संज्ञा दी गई है। Examples:  => Man is a social animal => Cow give us milk =>His books are lying on the table. अर्थात (जाति) Common से यही तातपर्य है, जो किसी जाति की प्रत्येक वस्तु  का बोध कराये।  जैसे : Boy, Girl, City, State, Country, etc.
Pronoun.          किसी व्यक्ति, स्था, या वस्तु  विशेष  के नाम को Proper Noun कहा जाता है । अर्थात व्यक्ति से तातपर्य है, निजी, अपना (one's own)। अतः विशेष नाम (Proper Noun) किसी व्यक्ति का अपना या निजी नाम होता है ।।              जैसे : Ashoka, Sita, Agra, India etc.  Examples: => Shakespeare was a poet.  => Lucknow is the capital of U.P.  =>The Bhagwat Gita is a religious scripture. NOTE : 1. Proper Noun सदैव Capital अक्षर से आरम्भ होते हैं । जैसे : The Mahabharata, Delhi, Manoj. etc. 2. Proper Nouns का समान्यतः बहुवचन नहीं होता है । 3. Proper Noun कभी-कभी Common Nouns की तरह प्रयुक्त होते हैं । जैसे : He was the Lukman (=the wisest man) of his age. 3. Kalidas is often called the Shakespeare (=the greatest dramatist) of India. 4.Common Noun एक जाति की दूसरी जाति से पृथक होना दर्शाता है। Proper Noun एक व्यक्ति/वस्तु को दूसरे व्यक्ति/वस्तु से पृथक करता है ।
Material Noun :                        Material Noun की संज्ञा उन तत्वों/वस्तुओं को दी गई है जिनसे वस्तु/ पदार्थ तैयार किये जाते हैं ।।Examples :  => Silver is cheaper than Gold.  => Copper is used  as any alloy.  => Axe is made of Iron.                                                      NOTE : 1 Material Noun उन पदार्थों की ओर इंगित करता है जो Quantity या भार से तोले/गिने जाते हैं। (नम्बर या इकाई से नही)   2 Material Noun बहुवचन में (कुछ विशेष रूप में प्रयोग होने के अतिरिक्त) प्रयोग नहीं होते। जब उनका प्रयोग बहुवचन में किया जाता है, वे निज जाति की विभिन्नताओं को दर्शाते हैं।  Example : Wines. Here wines  denote different  varieties of sugar and wine.
Collective Noun :  व्यक्ति या वस्तु समुह को दर्शाने वाले Nouns  को Collective Noun की संज्ञा दी गई है। Examples :  => There are sixty students in my class. (Plural) => India has a splendid Army. (Singular) => The mob has become unruly. (Singular) => Parliament is considering the bill. (Singular) Note : जब Collective Noun का प्रयोग इस प्रकार किया जाए कि दर्शाये गए व्यक्ति एक इकाई (Whole/Unit) नहीं, बल्कि पृथक रूप में दर्शाये गए हों, तो उसे Noun of multitude कहते हैं। अतः Noun of Multitude बहुवचन में प्रयोग होता है तथा Collective Noun एकवचन में => => The Jury consist of eight  persons. (Collective Noun)  => The Jury were divided  in their  opinions. (Noun of multitude) (Plural)
Abstract Noun : Abstract Noun की संज्ञा उन गुणों  अथवा विचारों को दी गई है जो ठोस नहीं है। अर्थात Abstract शब्द का अर्थ है--'अलग करना'। => Health, Theft, Honour, Beauty, Hatred, Truth, Fragrance, Judgement, etc.    Note:  Abstract Noun उसे कहते हैं जिसे देखा, चखा, छुआ, या सुंघा नहीं जा सकता, परन्तु जो दिमाग से अनुभव किया जा सकता है।
2.  Classification of Common Noun आधुनिक अंग्रेजी व्याकर्णविदों के अनुसार Nouns (संज्ञाओं) का वर्गीकरण इस आधार पर किया गया है कि वे 'गणनीय' (Countable) है या 'अगणीय' (Uncountable (i)  Countable Common Nouns (ii) Unmountable Common Nouns
(I) Countable Common Nouns Countable Nouns उन वस्तुओं, व्यक्तियों के नाम हैं जिनकी हम गणना कर सकते हैं। जैसे : Book, Pen, Apple, Girl, Teacher, Horse etc.
(II) Uncountable Common Noun. Uncountable Common Nouns उन व्यक्तियों, वस्तुओं के नाम हैं जिनकी हम गणना नहीं कर सकते हैं । जैसे : Milk, Oil, Sugar, Gold, Honesty।  ये मुख्यतः तत्वों और अमूर्त वस्तुओं को सूचित करते हैं।
Countable Noun Uncountable Noun Example Stars, Seconds, Rupees, etc. Money, Time, Knowledge etc. Verb Singular with Singular Noun, Plural with Plural Noun Singular Verb Adjective Many, Few, a number of, the number of Much, Little, Quantity of  Article A/An the can be used Only 'the' can be used Note :  (I) Countable Nouns के बहुवचन रूप होते हैं जबकि  Uncountable Nouns के बहुवचन  रूप नहीं होते हैं। जैसे हम books कह सकते हैं, किन्तु milks नहीं कह सकते।
(II) Uncountable Nouns के अंतर्गत Abstract व Material Nouns आते हैं। इनके पूर्व a/an Indefinite Articles का प्रयोग नहीं होता है। a/an का प्रयोग उस Condition में होता है, जब इनके पूर्व Adjective का प्रयोग होता है। जैसे : a  bit of news, a piece of  information.
(III) कुछ abstract Nouns (Qualities, Action) Countable होते हैं।  जैसे : Joys, Sorrows, Miseries etc. Make corrections the under bracket words where ever is necessary.
Exercise 1.1 1, He put on his pants and went to see deer. He met many sheep on the way. 2, India won in the first inning He cut the news with scissors and kept the clipping in his trousers  3, The images are very beautiful in the poetry of Keats.  4, In communist countries wage earners are given great importance. They are given a good (premise) to live in.  5, He gave me advice to see the scenery of Kashmir.  6, The information that this firm supplies good furniture and stationery proved wrong. 7. There was a quarrel among the sons on the effects left by their late father. It told upon their morals. The uncle took great pains to settle the matter
3.  The Noun Number  जब noun एक व्यक्ति / वस्तु को पदर्शित करता है, तो वह Singular में होता है । जब वह एक से अधिक संख्या दर्शाते हैं, तो Plural में कहा जाता  है  => Man, Child, Table, (Singular Nouns)   => Men, Children, Tables (Plural Nouns)   Note : किंतु Proper, Abstract, औऱ Material Noun का Plural नहीं होता । जैसे : Ram, Darkness, Curd, etc. इन सभी का Plural तभी हो सकता है जब उनसे किसी चीज  की प्रकार  या जाति समझी जाती हो जैसे :  Virtues, wines etc.
(1). Rules : Formation of Plurals  Singular Plural Cow Cows Boy Boys Apple Apples Time Times (2) End in s/ss/z/sh/x/ch +es Kindness Kindnesses Lens Lenses Gas Gases End--in 'z' ; +z+es. Fuzz Fuzzes Quiz Quizzes Topaz Topazes Ends in 'sh' +sh+es Flash Flashes Brush Brushes Hash Heshes मिश्रण Ends in 'ch' +ch+es Bunch Bunches Church Churhes Ends in 'x' +x+es Mix Mixes Box Boxes Fax Faxes End in +ch Ch+s Stomach Stomachs Couch Conchs Monarch Monarchs सम्राट

3. End in 'y'	+ies
Harmony Baby Thievery	Harmonies Babies Thieveries	Army City Petty	Armies Cities Pretties
End in vowel +'y'	+ys
Holiday Journey	Holidays Journeys	Guy Key	Guys Keys
4. End in + f/fe	+ves
Thief Loaf Calf	Thieves Loaves Calves	Wolf Shelf Self	Wolves Shelves Selves
Ending with 'f' Life Wife Knife	f+ves Lives Wives Knives
Exception	+s
Chief Roof Gulf Serf	Chiefs Roofs Gulfs Serfs	Brief Handkerchief Dwarf Safe	Briefs Handkerchiefs Dwarfs Safes
5. Ending 'o'	es
Tomato Mango Mosquito	Tomatoes Mangoes Mosquitoes	Negro Buffalo	Negroes Buffaloes
6. Ending 'o' Dynamo Piano Soprano	Consonant +s Dynamoes Pianos Sopranos	Kilo Quarto Solo	Kilos Quartos Solos

7.ending in+Vowel+vowel Ratio Folio	S Ratios Folios	Stereo Cuckoo Studio	Stereos Cuckoos Studios
8. Noun Man Goose Woman	Sound change Men Geese Women	Mouse Foot Louse Tooth	Mice Feet Lice Teeth
9. Noun Ox	Noun+en/ten Oxen	Child Brother	Children Brothers
10. Noun+Prep+Noun Commander in chief Court martial Man in law Daughter in law	Noun+s+Prep+Noun Commanders in chief Courts martial Men in law Daughters in law	Coat of mail Editor of general Son in law Postmaster general	Coats of mail Editors in general Sons in law Post masters general
(I)Compound Noun Verb Hanger on Runner up Looker on Passer by	er noun+adverb Hangers on Runners up Lookers on Passers by
(II) दूसरे शब्द का  Arm chair Boy friend Break in Se daughter Grown up Stand by	बहुवचन कर के Arm chairs Boy friends Break ins Step daughters Grown ups Stand bys
(III) दोनो शब्दों का  Man doctor Men servent	बहुवचन करके Men doctors Men servent	Woman drive Man driver Woman soldier	Women drivers Men drivers Women soldiers

Alphabet के words में गणित की इकाईयों तथा अन्य चिन्ह के बहुवचन apostrophe (') तथा s लगाकर बनते हैं।या उनके बिना।

Examples: (I) There are more a's than e's on this page. (II) Dot your y's and cross your p's. (III) Add two 5's and four 2's.

12. कुछ foreign शब्दों के plural निम्न प्रकार के होते हैं

From Latin: Erratum Index Radius Formula Memorandum Synopses Thesis Candelabrum Phenomenon Agandum Datum Stratum Medium Vertebra From Italian: Madame Monsieur

From Latin: Errata Indexes Radi Formulas Memoranda Synopsis Thesrs Candelabra Phenomena Aganda Data Strata Medium Vertebrae From Italian: Madames Monsieurs

From French: Cheru Seraph From English Pattern Focus Fungus Terminus Radius Syllabus Automation Aquarium Curriculum Parenthesis Hypothesis Phenomenon Criterion

From French: Cherubs Seraphs From English Pattern Focuses Funguses Terminusrs Radiuses Syllabuses Automations Aquariums Curriculums Parentheses Hypotheses Phenomena Criteria

Alumnus Bacillus Locus Stimulus Diagnosis Ellipsis Oasis Gymnasium Criterion Sanatorium Symposium Dogma From Greek: Axis Crisis Basis Analysis

Alumni Bacilli Lici Stimuli Diagnoses Ellipses Oases Gymnasiums Criterions Sanatoriums Symposiums Dogmas From Greek: Axes Crises Bases Analyses

(13) कुछ noun Compound Noun जैसे दिखाई देते हैं पर उन्हें  One word ही माना जाता है। अतः  उनका plural इस प्रकार बनना चाहिए।

Spoonfuls (nonspoonful) Handfuls (non handsful)

Spoonfuls of medicine. Handfuls of grains

Cupfuls (Non cupful) Glassful (non glassfuls coffee.

Cupfuls of tea Glassful cupfuls coffee

(14) कुछ Nouns के plural तथा Singular एक से होते हैं।

Sheep Grouse Trout Pice Common Spices Cod

Sheep Grouse Trout Pice Common Spices Cod

भेड़  गुनगुनानेवाला  ट्राउट  पैसा  सामान्य  मसाले  सीओडी

Deer Swine Corps Apparatus Series Fish Salmon

Deer Swine Corps Apparatus Series Fish Salmon

हिरन  सुअर  कोर  उपकरण  श्रृंखला  मछली  सैमन

Examples : A series of lecture was delivered. There are eighty fish in this pond. This species of sparrow is very rare. There are many species of birds in this zoo.

Exercise 1.2 (f or fe => es) (f=>v) My daughters in law who are in Agra have come to visit us. मेरी बहुएं जो आगरा में हैं हमसे मिलने आई हैं। Running the five, star hotel needs much more money than what we have in our account. फाइव, स्टार होटल को चलाने के लिए हमारे खाते में जितने पैसे हैं, उससे कहीं ज्यादा पैसे की जरूरत है। Some South Indian mangoes are sold in the North too. Some South Indian heroes are also popular. कुछ दक्षिण भारतीय आम उत्तर में भी बेचे जाते हैं।  कुछ दक्षिण भारतीय नायक भी लोकप्रिय हैं। The Loaves she gave me were stale. I gave them to the calves. उसने मुझे जो रोटियाँ दीं, वे बासी थीं।  मैंने उन्हें बछड़ों को दे दिया। The thieves took away all things that were kept on the shelves. चोरों ने अलमारियों में रखा सारा सामान ले लिया। She had no real brother. When her two mothers in law teased her she went to the house of her brothers. There she had two step mothers. उसका कोई सगा भाई नहीं था।  जब उसकी दोनों सासों ने उसे चिढ़ाया तो वह अपने भाइयों के घर चली गई।  वहाँ उसकी दो सौतेली माँएँ थीं। The doctor have tried many formulae to kill the harmful bacilli, For stimuli they prescribe vitamins. डॉक्टर ने हानिकारक जीवाणुओं को मारने के लिए कई फार्मूले आजमाए हैं, उत्तेजना के लिए वे विटामिन लिखते हैं। The teacher drew two radii in the curricula. शिक्षक ने पाठ्यचर्या में दो चित्रो को खींचीं। The university drew their own htpotheses and included them in their synopsis There are no criterion for sich phenomenon विश्वविद्यालय ने अपने स्वयं के htpotheses को आकर्षित किया और उन्हें अपने सारांश में शामिल किया सिच घटना के लिए कोई मानदंड नहीं हैं

कुछ Noun बहुवचन में ही प्रयोग होते हैं Examples:

Animals Drawers Measles Premisses Innings Amends Assets Tongs

जानवरों दराज़ खसरा परिसर पारी हरजाना संपत्ति चिमटा

Pants Means Jeans Lodgings Savings Victuals Fetters Nuptials

पैंट माध्य जीन् आवास बचत अन्न बेड़ी शादी

Remains Spectacles Scissors Binoculars Thanks Trousers Socks Giddings

खंडहर चश्मा कैंची दूरबीन धन्यवाद पैजामा मोज़े गिडिंग्स

(16) कुछ शब्द जो 's' में अंत होते हैं उनका use एकवचन तथा बहुवचन दोनों प्रकार से किया जाता है जैसे

A means of transport A species of bird A television series

Many means of transport Many species of birds Two television series

(17) कुछ एकवचन वाले Nouns बहुवचन verb के साथ प्रयोक्त होते हैं क्योंकि वे मानव समूह के रूप में use होते हैं।

Government Staff Team Family

Audience Community Company Firm

(18) धन राशि, समय-अवधि, दूरी, आदि इकाई माने जाते हैं। अतः उनके साथ singular verb का use होता है।

Examples:  An amount of thirty thousand pounds was stolen in the robbery. Eleven miles is a long distance to walk.

(19) कुछ Noun का अर्थ  Singular and Plural में अलग होता है।

Nouns in Singular	Their Meaning	Nouns in Plural	Their Meaning
Advice Air	Counsel Atmosphere	Aiir Airs	Information Proud, Behaviour

कुछ nouns का एक meaning in the singular and दूसरा in the plural होता है जैसे:

Spectacle Letters Minutes Pain Arms Manner Custom Colour Moral Effect Ground

Sight Alphabet A unit of time Care Weapons Method Habit Flags Conflict Property Reason

Spectacles Letters Minute Pains ache Arms Manners Custom Colours Morals Effects Ground

Eye-glasses Learning's Proceeding of a meaning. Troubles Under limbs Behaviour Duties on goods Hue Lesson Result Earth

Examples: A. The teacher ordered the students to stand up with their arms raised. B. Pakistan is buying Arms from foreign. A. A man suffering from chest pain. B. Parents took a lot of pains in looking after them. A. Wait for a minute. I'm just coming. B. The manager circulate minutes of last meeting  A. Fill this form in capital letters. B He is a man of letters. A. The Spectacle of Diwali Mela was eye-catching. B. I have lost my Spectacles

There are some nouns that change their  meaning when used in the plural form. कुछ nouns के दो plural दो तरह के होते हैं और दोनों का अर्थ भिन्न भिन्न होता है। Singular Noun Plural Noun Meaning Plural 2 Meaning Brother Brothers Son of same Parents Brethren Members of a community/Socitey Cloth Cloths Kinds or pieced of cloth Clothes Garments Die Dies Stamps for coining Dice Small cubes for playing Genius Geniuses Talented persond Genius Spirits Index Indexes Tables of contents Indices Signs in Algebra Shot Shots Balls of iron throw stroke/hit in certain games Shots (from shoot) Firing from the gun Fish Fish Considered Collectively Fishs Considered separately Penny  Pennies Separate Pence A collective noun Formula Formulae Rules of Mathematics Formulas Methods of application Examples : I, (a). We are four brothers. (Son of same parents)    (b) Be helpful to your brothers at the time of this flood crisis. (Mamber, Society Nature) II. (a) Pleasure to wash off there cloths.     (b) Gandhiji use to wear Swadeshi clothes. III. (a) He purchased die for his factory. (Stamps for coining)      (b) He played a smart trick while throwing the dice on the board.(small cubes for playing) IV. (a) it's very difficult for me to learn mathematical formulae. Rules of mathematics)      (b) A number of formulas were offered. (modes of application) EXERCISE 1.4. Sense of the noun Chicken-pox Neither-nor Trousers Forty rupees Statistics Verb-Singular/Plural Is-Singular Has- Singlar Are-Plural Is-Singular Is-Singular The summons As well as The jury The poor Scissors Have-Plural Is-Singular Have-Plural Deserve-Plural Are- Plural EXERCISE 1.5 Choose the correct alternative and fill in the blanks in the following sentences: Sheep live in flocks. He is suffering from measles. Where are my spectacles kept? His hair are grey. A building made of brick and stone. The Commanders-in-chief (D)attended the meeting. A five-rupee © note was found by me on the road. Rahul studied in a boys' school She was very helpful, She gave me some very useful advice. These five children are her offspring. (वंशज) She has learnt the alphabet by heart. The audience highly applauded the presentation of the play. It's undesirable (आवंशनिय/हानिकारक) to carry heavy luggage in this old age. Romantic poetry is subjective in nature. My sister-in-law is appearing for High School examination. (1,) Some important Rule Related to Nouns. [Singular Noun + Preposition + Singular Noun (Same) ] Day by day Day after day Row upon row (2) Ten rupees, Ten Miles +Noun] => [Ten rupee, Ten mile.] Examples: Ten rupees have been spent. But. I have a ten rupee note He had a five mile walk (n.) yesterday (3) No changeable Singular and Plural Nouns Series, Species, Sheep, Deer, Fish, but, Fishes (Variety of fish) (4) if dozen, hundred, thousand, million + (one, two, three, etc) =Similar form. Not to be Plural form: dozens, hundreds, etc. Without 'of' Examples: Five dozen eggs have been bought.(√) Five dozens. (X) [Indefinite Number => Plural form] Dozens of eggs. (√) Hundreds of students. Similarly In hundreds in thousands, in Dozens (√) (5) Advice, machinery, soap, apparatus, furniture, and information, language, luggage, baggage, breakage, drapery, imagery, poetry, dust, etc. => Uncountable Nouns. Not Plural, not article (a, an) plus Examples:  He gave me lots of (many places of) advice. Radha sold her furniture. Rajesh sold some furniture. Rajesh's friend bought some places of furniture. Please give me all information about the accident (6) Bread is an uncountable noun. If countable sense then 'A piece of bread,' a lot of loaves' Examples: He got two loaves of bread. He eats bread/a loaf of bread. (7) Place means स्थान whereas room means कमरा व जगह (space) दोनों होता है। There is not a room for us in the car. (8) Poetry is an uncountable noun. For a poem is Countable noun. It's a nice piece of poetry. (Uncountable It's a nice poem. (Countable)

(9) Cardboard, Education, Equipment, and Go are uncountable Nouns. A lot of food is used for बहुत खाना/बहुत भोजन ; They need some cardboard for this. They need some pieces of cardboard for this. His sons need some education. I need some new equipment. I took some  food to eat. I too a lot of food to eat.

(10) Scene countable and Scenery uncountable is:  Let's see– The scenery around here is beautiful. This is a beautiful scene. (बेहद खूबसूरत नजारा, दर्शय) This is a beautiful place of scenery.

(11) Five-year-old boy, Six- month-old girl, Three-week-old-friend, Two-day-old baby etc are written. Though year/month/week/day with (s) not be used. But Six years old, five weeks old are written. A five-dollar bill, A four-foot ladder, A six-mile walk, A ten-minute conversation, A two-hour exam, etc.

(12) Another Singular; with 'another' is not to be used Singular Noun whisht 'other' is plural noun.  Let's see:- They live in another town. (Singular) Have you got another letter? (Singular) Have you got other letters? (Plural)

(13) Noun/Pronoun is always Singular after come to be 'Each'. Though Everything, Everybody, and Everyone is always Singular.  Let's see:- Each house is white. They help each other. Each wanted a novel for himself. Everything is ready. Everybody was there. Everyone has a pen. But, If (One, Each, Everybody, Everyone, etc). Is after comes use (of)  then Noun /Pronoun is Always  Plural. Each of the students has gone. (विद्यार्थियों में से हर एक) Each of the players had gone. (खिलाड़ियों में से हर एक  One of the most intelligent boys. (सबसे बुद्धिमान लड़कों में से एक

(14) Nonsense, Weather, and progress uncountable nouns, that before not to be (a/an) used, But A piece of nonsense, a spell of weather (a/an) is used. That ways sometimes 'Knowledge' and  magic are uncountable nouns, So, before that neither used (a) and nor add (s) is made Plural. But knowledge sometimes (a) is used.  Let's see:- Knowledge is power (Learning) He has a knowledge of the truth, (Information) He has a good knowledge of English/London. (Information) By means of books knowledge is spread. I saw magic yesterday It's nice weather. What nonsense to have a picnic today

(15) A Lot off / Lots of / Plenty of ; (बहुत सारा) after using  Plural Countable Noun/Uncountable Noun are used.  Let's See:- There are a lot of people in the meeting. A lot of pens and books are on the table. There is a lot of money in his pocket. He saw a lot of films in his students life. Whereas 'One of' + Plural Noun (Singular, because actually subject is One) Singular: Teaching English is one of my tasks. One of his brothers is a typist.(उसके भाइयों में से एक) One of the boys was ill. One of the pens has no ink

(16) Pictures means Cinema. When this word is always Plural Noun.  'Surroundings'  Plural. (परिवेश) Thus high/low/good+spirits = Plural (Always) Spirits means "mood"  Let's see: Payal and Shanky went to the pictures to see 'English Vinglish'. Our surroundings were pleasant. There are in high spirits today.

(17) Now-a-days => [आजकल]  / Sometimes => [कभी कभी] / Whereabouts=> [पता ठिकाना] Now-a-days, the cities are very crowded. Sometimes, I take milk for breakfast. His whereabouts is /are still unknown. Now-a-days, children prefer TV to radio. But: See me some time tomorrow.

(18) Two-thirds, Thanks, orders, (Commands given with authority), Alms, (भीख) Glasses, Assets, (सम्पति) Scales, तराजू) Vegetables, Eatables, Bowels, (आंत) Fetters (हथकड़ी) Credentials (परिचय पत्र), Pants, Pyjamas, Shirts, Moveables, Ashes, (From the fire, Cigarette ash) always in are used Plural Noun. These as noun shouldn't remove (S or ES) for use Singular the same meaning. As: Asset means when 'quality' then it uses also in Singular. Good health is a great asset Beauty is Sita's only asset.

(19) Collective Nouns: As- (A group (of things) Generally are singular.  Let's see:  A crowd (of people),  A herd (of cattle) A flock (of sheep) A regiment (of soldiers) A congregation (of worshippers (भजन मंडली) A group of people was in the meeting. A herd of cattle was stolen yesterday A flock of sheep is grazing. A team of cricket players is there A crowd of girls is in the playground

(20) In English is some as Collective Nouns (group nouns)  According to the Form Singular, but  according to the meaning Plural.. So obviously  with nouns according to  those are used Singular /Plural verb. Let's see,  The Public/Audience was/were enjoying the Magic Show The Committee has/have considered your request. The vast Majority of Students need/needs financial support at present. The Government has/have broken its/ their promise. But when The Group is considered as a single undivided body. then Singular Verb is used with it. Let's see: The public consists of you and me.(शामिल) The Audience was enormous. (एकमत) My Company is opening a new factory But, If the members above Collective noun these are sense then they are considered the Plural  Let's see,  The Team was strong. (Singular) The Team were fighting among  themselves Group were plural if divided their statements Group were Singular if united it's opinion

(21) Goods, Premises (आहाता), People, Police, Riches, Scissors, Shears, Trousers Etc. are always used in Plural Form.  And Plural Verb only with their. Let's see:- (21) I  The goods were sent to your house. (Plural) These premises look very big. (Plural) The police were sent to the hospital. (Plural But, when these before (pair of…) addition  (A pair of shoes/Shears/Scissors/gloves{trousers.)then those considered the Singular That pair of shoes is of Ram. This pair of gloves belongs to him. (whereas) His shoes were clean. His trousers were torn (22) After  (A lot of / Plenty of / A great deal of / Most of / Some of, Uncountable Noun always is used in Singular Form and Plural Form In a Countable Noun is used. Let's see:- He has plenty of rice. Rakesh has plenty of opportunity. Most of the boys are ill. Most of the sigar is sold.

(23) I. People, Cattle, Police, Gentry, Peasantry,  Nobility, Poultry, Electorate, Riches and Sheep always uses in Plural Verb while disease names such as: Measles, Mumps and  Diabetes  are considered 'Singular'. The cattle were grazing in the field. Ramji has five sheep. Measles is a serious disease. II. Tools, OR Instrument : Bellows, Fetters, Pincers, Tongs, Arms etc. III Articles of Dress : Trousers, Trappings, Pants, Patloom Pyjamas, etc.

(24) With After this only, When Mathematics, Politics, Physics. Economics, Ethics, Dynamics, Classics, Phonetics, Linguistics, etc. are used in the form of any subject. But, when these use in Plural meaning then it's these qualitie sense and generally these before adding (his/the/such). Physics/Mathematics is a difficult subject. भौतिकी/गणित एक कठिन विषय है। Politics has no attraction for his family. उनके परिवार के लिए राजनीति का कोई आकर्षण नहीं है।  A Person's ethics/politics are his own affair. एक व्यक्ति की नैतिकता/राजनीति उसका अपना मामला है। The economics of the country have yet to be improved देश की अर्थव्यवस्था में अभी सुधार होना बाकी है। Some Nouns in these ending (s) => (es) they are used with Singular Verb. (I) Games & Supports : Billboards, Draughts, Gymnastics, Athletes, Darts, etc. (II) Titles of Books : Arabon Nights, War and Peace, Three Musketeers, Gulliver's, Travels, Tales From Shakespeare etc. (III) Descriptive Names of Countries : United States, United Arab Emirates, New South Wales, Persian Gulf State etc. Summons, Gallows. When 'Statistics' is used  the form  of Subject then Singular Verb and 'Collection of Data' 's point then Plural Verb is used. 1 Statistics is his favorite study.                    -But- 2 Official statistics show real wage declining by 25%.

(25) Abstract Noun 's not to be Plural. When such words are showed in use Plural then in facts those likevCommon Noun. Such as, Provocation's, instances or cases; Kindnesses-acts of kindness.

EXERCISE 1.6. Fill in the blanks by choosing the correct opinion give below, : 1, I must help him. After all. We are brothers of same profession. 2. Has he Agenda for tomorrow's meeting been drawn up? 3. All the Topazs were sold. You are too late to buy them. 4. Heavy decoration and lighting was displayed on all the Church's of the city on evening  of Christmas 5. To prevent yourself from Mosquitoes use 'good night  mat 6. His heart is full of hatred. 7. At night, I read the story of ten little Dwarfs  and saw all of them in my dream. 8.

The word Noun means --A Name, Clearly Nouns are Naming words, They Name, Persons, Places, Animals, things, Quality, States, Actions, Feelings, etc. They may be used as Subject, Objects, or Compliments in Sentences. Let's study them in details ;
A, Read these sentences and observe the words in bold type : Anil is a cunning boy. My mother is an old lady. Mohan and Mala are friends Anita's brother is a doctor. The Postman brought me a letter.  Mr. Johan is an able teacher. All the words in bold type are name of Persons.
B, Read these sentences and observe the word in bold type : Our school is near the bus-stop. Kolkata is a very large city.  Lions and tigers are live in forests. Your house is on the road-side. Paris is the capital of France. The river flows through a narrow valley. All the words in bold type are name of Places
C, Read these sentenced and observe the words in bold type : Cows live on in grass. Tigers and lions kill deer and hares.    The sheep is a meek animals. Mrs. Dass keeps hens and ducks. The eagle is a king of birds. All the words in bold type are name of Animals
D. Read these sentences and observe the words in bold type : My books are on the table. The pen is in the inkpot.   Picture and the chart are hanging on the wall. She is bought a Ribbon and a hairpin. The hawker is selling mangoes and melons. All the words in bold type are names of Things.
E. Read these sentences and observe the words in bold type : Honesty pays in the long run. We must treat animals with kindness.  An elephants has immense strength. Patience is so dear to God.(भगवान को धैर्य बहुत प्रिय है।) Beauty can not be made All the words in bold type are names of Quality.
F Read these sentences and observe in the word in bold type  Prosperity attacks friends.समृद्धि दोस्तों पर हमला करती है। Happiness consists in  contentment. खुशी संतोष में निहित है।  Slavery is a big cures गुलामी एक बहुत बड़ा अभिशाप है Freedom is a great blessing indeed.स्वतंत्रता वास्तव में एक महान वरदान है All the words in bold type are names of States.
G.  Read these sentences and observe the word in the bold type  (a)  The here and the tortoise have a Race. खरगोश और कछुआ की एक दौड़ है। (b) Late sings very sweets Songs. © The baby enjoyed a sound sleep. (d) She has a graceful gait. All the words in bold type are names of Actions.
H. Read these sentences and observe the words in bold type I have Sympathy with you. Sorrow must be shared       दुख बांटना चाहिए  Joy is also short-lived. His behaviour put me in wonder. All the words in bold type are named of Feelings.
All these various types of naming words are called NOUNS. A noun in the name of a person, place, animal, thing, quality, action States, feeling etc.