Thursday, 31 August 2023

Condition Parts [0-1-2-3]

Conditional Sentences Type (Type 0)
[Present Simple] + [Present Simple)
Identification: [अगर ये हो/होता तो ये होता है]
Note: Present Simple means either Present Indefinite Tense
 (Do/Does) or Simple Sentence in Present (is/am/are/Have/Has)
1, अगर आप सच बोलतें हैं, तो हर कोई आपकी सराहना करता है।
1, If you speak the truth, everyone appreciates you.
2.  अगर हम 100 डिग्री से ऊपर पानी गर्म करते हैं, तो वह उबलता है।
2. If we heat water above 100 degree, it boils
3. अगर आप daily 12 घण्टे काम करते हैं, तो आप तक जाते हैं।
3. If you work for 12 hours everyday, you get tired.
4. अगर मुझे आफिस पहुंचने में देर हो जाती है, तो मेरे बॉस मुझे सज़ा देते है ।
4. If I am late to reach the office, the boss punishes me.
5..अगर आपके पास अच्छी नौकरी हो, तो आप जीवन में सुरक्षित होते हैं।
5. If you have a good job, you are secure in life.


Conditional SentenceType 1
It refers to a Possible Conditional and its likely/probable result.
Identification: अगर ये हो/करे/करेंगे, तो वो होगा/हो सकता है।
Structure: [if +Present Simple, Will/May/Might/Could]
1, यदि आप कठिन अध्ययन करते है, तो आप परीक्षा पास कर लेंगे।
1. If you study hard, you will pass the exam.
2. अगर मैं आपकी पार्टी में नहीं आऊं, तो शायद वो आपका समर्थन न करें।
2. If I  don't join your party, they might not support you.
3. अगर आज बारिश हुई, तो वो निश्चित रूप से बैठक को रद्द के देगा।
3. If it rains, he will surely cancel the meeting.
4. अगर अगले साल तक मेरे पास 10 लाख ₹ हों, तो मैं एक कार खरीद सकता हूं।
4. If I have 10 lakh ₹ next year, I may buy a new car.
5. अगर वह आपके साथ है, तो आप दुनिया जीत सकते हैं।
5. If you are with me,  you could win the world
Conditional Type 2
It refers to a condition that's hypothetical but 
its result is possible/probable to happen now or in the future.
Identification : [अगर यह होता तो वो हो जाता/पाता।]
Structure: [it Past Simple, would/could]

Note: Past simple means either Past Indefinite Tense (Did)
or Simple in Past Sentence. (Was/Were)
1, यदि मैं आस्ट्रेलिया रहता तो इस्कॉन मंदिर जाता।
1, If I lived in Australia, I would visit iskcon temple.
2.मैं दो करोड़ की लॉटरी जीत जाता, तो मैं मर्सिडीज 5560 खरीद पाता।
2. If I won a lottery of ₹ 2 crore, I could  buy a Mercedes 5560.
3. अगर आप इंग्लिश बोलना सीख लेते तो आपको यह नौकरी मिल जाती
3. If you had learnt speaking English, You would get this job
4. अगर मैं मैनेजर होता, तो मैं इस कंपनी कभी नही जाता
4. If I were a manager, I would never go to this meeting.
5. अगर उनके पास इतना पैसा होता, तो वो दिखावा नहीं करता।
5. If I had so much money, he would show.
Conditional Sentence Type 3
It refers to an impossible Situation/Condition to happen in the Past and its Hyposthenic result then.
Identification: [अगर ये (हुआ) होता।, तो वो हो जाता /पाता/ चुका होता/सकता था।]
Structure : [if+Past Perfect, would have/could have]

1, अगर वह मुझे पहले ही बता देती, तो मैं उसकी मदद कर सकता था।
1, If she had informed me earlier, I could have helped her.
2. अगर वह सन 1947 में प्रधान मंत्री होते, तो उन्होंने यह नहीं किया होता।
2. If he had been Prime Minister, he wouldn't have done it.
3. अगर उस वक्त मैं मैनेजर होता, तो मैंने इसकी मंजूरी नही दी होती।
3. If I had been manager that time, I wouldn't have permission./allowed it
4. अगर मैने उसकी तस्वीर न देखी होती, तो मैं उसे कभी पहचान नही सकता था।
4. If I hadn't seen his painting, I could never have identified him.

(Exceptional Case)
You may use "Could" instead of "Could have' in Type 3 sentences, 
it doesn't change the meaning because we already know that both of them. Can be interchangeably used for the Past possibility cases.
अगर कुत्तों को प्यार करो तो वो अपनी पूंछ हिलाते हैं
If we love the dog, they move tails
अगर मैं हम अमेरिका में रहते तो मैं भी इंग्लिश बोलता
If I lived in America, I would speak English.
अगर हम अमेरिका में रह रहते, तो मैं english बोल रहा होता
If we lived in america, I would be speaking English
अगर पेपर आसान होता तो मेरे नम्बर अच्छे आ गए होते
If the paper had been a little easier. I would have scored better.
अगर मैं करोड़पति होता तो गरीबों की मदद कर पाता।
If I were a millionaire, I could help the poor.
अगर मैं करोड़पति नहीं होता तो गरीबों की मदद कैसे कर पाता
If I hadn't been a millionaire, how could I have helped the poor?
अगर उस दिन मम्मी ने हां कहा होता तो मैं खेलने जा सकता था
If mom had said 'yes', I could have gone to play.
अगर मम्मी हां कह देती तो में खेलने जा पाता।
If mom had said 'yes', I could have gone to play.
अगर ड्राइवर तेज़ गति से गाड़ी नहीं चला रहा होता तो हादसा नहीं होता
If the driver hadn't been driving a car, the incident would not have happened.
अगर विराट अभी तक खेल रहा होता तो उसका शतक होता।
If Virat had still been playing, he would have scored a century.


Conditional Type 0 (Exercises)
Structure: [Present Simple] + [President Simple]
Identity: [V1+V5/ Do/Does], [Is/am/are/has/have]
पहचान : (अगर ये हो/होता तो ये होता है)

अगर आप पढ़ना सीख लेते, तो आपको आसानी से टीचर का जॉब मिल जाती।
If you study, you can easily get a job as a teacher.
अगर मैं आफिस में ज्यादा काम करता, तो मैं थक जाता।
If I work more in the office, it will rain.
अगर आप सारा होमवर्क करते, तो आपको पासिंग ग्रेड मिलता।
If you complete homework, you get a passing grade.
अगर बारिश होती है, तो मेरी गाड़ी भीग जाती।
If it rains, my car gets drenched (get wet)
अगर कुतों से प्यार करो, तो वो अपनी पूंछ हिलाते
If you love the dog, They move their tails.
अगर हिमानी देर से सोती है, तो स्कूल जाने में देर हो जारी है।
If Himani sleeps late, she gets late for school.
अगर मैं समाचार देखता हूँ, तो तनावग्रस्त हो जाता हूँ।
If I see the news, I get tense.
अगर पानी की फ्रिज में रखते हैं, तो वह बर्फ में बदल जाता है।
 If water keeps in the fridge, it becomes ice.
अगर आप धातु को गर्म करते है, तो वह पिघल जाता है।
If you heat the metal, it melts. (Expands)
अगर आपको कोई समस्या है, तो डॉक्टर से बात करें
If you have a problem, you should contact a doctor.
अगर हम बहुत ज्यादा शोर करते हैं, तो बच्चा जाग जाता है।
If we make a noise so loudly, the child wakes up.
अगर आप बटन दबाते है तो TV चालू हो जाता है।
 If you switch on the button, TV gets started
अगर आपको बहुत ज्यादा पसीना आता है, तो डिहाइड्रेड. हो जाते हो।।
If you get more wet, you gets dehydrated
अगर आपको अपनी चाबी नहीं मिलती है तो आप बाहर रहते है
If you have lost, your keys,you live out
अगर मैं बहुत सारा काम किया, तो मुझे देर तक आफिस में ही ठहरता।
 If I have lots of work I stay in the office till late..
यदि पानी 100 डिग्री तक गर्म होता है, वह उबलने लगता है।
If the water reaches 100 degrees, it boils.
यदि बादल गरजता है तो बारिश होती है।
If the clouds thunder, it rains.
यदि तुम कहीं काम करते हो तो आपको तनखाह मिलती है।
If you work somewhere, you also get a salary.
यदि बच्चे भूखे होते हैं तो वो रोने लगते हैं।
If the kids are hungry, they start weeping.
अगर बहुत अधिक ठंड पड़ती है तो स्नोविंग होती है
If it's too cold, it starts snowing
यदि पोधो को पानी नहीं मिलता है टी वो मर जाते हैं।
If the plants don't get enough water, they die.
अगर तुम लाल और नील रंग को मिलाते हो तो वह जामुनी हो जाता है
If you mix red and blue, it becomes purple.
अगर तुम आग को छूते हो, तो जल जाते।
 If you touch the fire, you get burnt.
यदि आप आग को छूते हैं, तो आप जल जाते हैं।
I have lots of work, I stay in the office till late.
अगर मेरे पास बहुत काम है, तो मैं देर तक ऑफिस में रहता हूँ।
If we have time, we go to the park for a walk.
अगर हमारे पास समय होता है, तो हम टहलने के लिए पार्क में जाते हैं।
If the students don’t do their homework, the teachers get annoyed.
अगर छात्र अपना होमवर्क नहीं करते हैं, तो शिक्षक नाराज़ हो जाते हैं।
If it’s too cold at night, snow freezes on the cars.
अगर रात में बहुत ठंड होती है, तो कारों पर बर्फ जम जाती है।
If you eat too much, you gain weight.
अगर आप बहुत ज़्यादा खाते हैं, तो आपका वजन बढ़ जाता है।
If they win the match, they have a party together.
अगर वे मैच जीतते हैं, तो वे साथ में पार्टी करते हैं।
If you take the ice out of the freezer, it melts.
अगर आप फ्रीज़र से बर्फ निकालते हैं, तो वह पिघल जाती है।
If I eat too much, I become fat.
अगर मैं ज़्यादा खाऊँ, तो मैं मोटा हो जाता हूँ।
If I drink milk, I get energy.
अगर मैं दूध पीता हूँ, तो मुझे ऊर्जा मिलती है।
If there is no oil in the car, the car stalls.
अगर कार में तेल नहीं होता है, तो कार रुक जाती है।
If it’s sunny, I go to the gym.
अगर धूप होती है, तो मैं जिम जाता हूँ।
If he is out of the office, then only he picks up his phone. /
अगर वह ऑफिस से बाहर होता है, तो ही उसका फोन उठाता है।
If you wear sandals in the mountains, you slip on rocks.
अगर आप पहाड़ों में सैंडल पहनते हैं, तो आप चट्टानों पर फिसलते हैं।
If the bank is open, then I go there to deposit money.
अगर बैंक खुला होता है, तो मैं पैसे जमा करने बैंक में जाता हूँ।
When I have a car, I don’t go on foot.
जब मेरे पास कार होती है, तो मैं पैदल नहीं जाता हूँ।
When there is heavy rainfall, the crops get spoiled.
जब बारिश ज़्यादा होती है, तो फसलें खराब हो जाती हैं।
If he doesn’t get sick, he definitely comes to school.
अगर वो बीमार नहीं होता है, तो स्कूल ज़रूर आता है।
If he feels sleepy, he goes to sleep.
अगर उसको नींद आती है, तो वह सो जाता है।
If the ice melts, it turns into water.
अगर बर्फ पिघलती है, तो वह पानी में बदल जाती है।
If there is no light, it becomes dark.
अगर लाइट नहीं होती है, तो अंधेरा हो जाता है।
If there are no forests, there are no animals.
अगर जंगल नहीं होते हैं, तो जानवर भी नहीं होते हैं।
If I have a bike, I reach early.
अगर मेरे पास बाइक होती है, तो मैं जल्दी पहुँच जाता हूँ।
If he drinks warm water, he does not get cold.
अगर वह गर्म पानी पीता है, तो उसको जुकाम नहीं होता है।
If I pay attention, I make no mistakes.
अगर मैं ध्यान देता हूँ, तो कोई गलती नहीं होती है।
​​If I have good shoes, I will win the race.
अगर मेरे पास अच्छे जूते होते हैं, तो मैं रेस जीत जाता हूँ।
If the paper is easy, I pass.
अगर पेपर आसान होता है, तो मैं पास हो जाता हूँ।
If you support me, I won't lose.
अगर तुम मेरा साथ देते हो, तो मैं हारता नहीं हूँ।
If I have money, I go somewhere on a visit
अगर मेरे पास पैसे होते हैं, तो मैं कहीं घूमने चला जाता हूँ।


Conditional Sentences Practice Exercise 2 Type I)
Structure : [Present Simple] + [Present Future]
Identity : [V1/V5/Do/Does] + [Will/May/Might/Could]
पहचान : अगर ये हो/करे/करेंगे, तो वो होगा/हो सकता है)

अगर आप तेज़ बहते पानी में जाओगे, तो आप बह जाओगे।
If you go in fast-flowing water, you will be swept away.
अगर आप पानी गर्म करेंगे, तो वह उबलेगा।
If you heat the water, it will boil
अगर आप पानी गर्म नहीं करेंगे, तो वह नहीं उबलेगा।
If you don't heat, it's will not 
अगर आप बर्फ गर्म करेंगे तो वह पिघलेगी।
If the ice heats it will 
अगर सूरज डूब जाएगा, तो रात हो जाएगी।
If the sun sets,  it will be night.
अगर आप बिजली की तार छुएंगे, तो आपको करंट लग जाएगा है
If you touch an electric wire, you will feel an electric shock.
अगर आप गंदा पानी पियोगे, तो बीमार हो जाओगे।
If you drink dirty water, you may be sick.
अगर एंबुलेंस समय पर पहुँच जाए, तो मरीज को बचाया जा सकता है।
If the ambulance reaches on time, the patient could be saved.
अगर वह आपको इन्वाइट करता है, तो आपको जाना चाहिए।
If he invites you, you should go.
अगर वह मुझसे बात नहीं करेगा, तो मैं भी उससे बात नहीं करूंगा।
If he talks me, I wouldn't talk him
अगर आप समय पर नहीं आओगे, तो हमें देर हो जाएगी।
If you don't come on time, we would be late
अगर आप शीशे पर पत्थर फेंकोगे, तो वो टूट जाएगा।
If you throw a stone at a glass, it will break.
यदि तुम पत्थर कांच पर फेंकोगे, तो, वो टूट जाएगा।
If you don’t behave well, I’ll kick you out.
अगर आपको भूख लगी है, तो आप एक सेब खा सकते हैं।
If you are hungry, you could eat an apple.
 अगर बारिश हुई, तो हम भीग सकते हैं।
If it rains, we may get wet.
अगर गर्मी जारी रही, तो पौधे और जानवर नष्ट हो जाएंगे।
If it continues, the animals will be lost.
अगर वह प्रथम पुरस्कार जीत जाता है, तो उसकी माँ खुश होगी।
If he wins the first prize, his mother will be happy.
अगर मुझे प्रमोशन मिलता है, तो मैं एक कार खरीदूंगा।
If I get a promotion, I will buy a car.
अगर आपको देर हो गई, तो हम आपके बिना ही चले जाएंगे।
If it rains today, the match will be cancelled
अगर आज बारिश हो गयी, तो मैच रद्द हो जायेगा।
If I met more 10 minutes the match will be cancelledL
अगर मुझे 10 मिनट और मिलें, तो मैं उस पेपर को समाप्त कर दूंगा।
If you miss your plane, what will you do
अगर आपका प्लेन छूट गया, तो आप क्या करेंगे?
If you miss your plane, what will you do?
अगर हम समय का सही इस्तेमाल कर लें, तो हम अपना प्रोजेक्ट पूरा कर लेंगे।
we use the time properly, we will complete our project.
अगर वो मुझे इन्वाइट करेगा, तो मैं पार्टी में जाजाऊंगा।
 If he invites me, I will go to the party.
शिवम बहुत खुश होगा, अगर कोई उसे नौकरी की पेशकश करें।
Shivam will be very happy if someone offers him.
अगर उसने सांप देख लिया, तो वह घबरा जाजाएगी
 If she sees a snake, she will pap
अगर शिक्षकों के पास समय बचे, तो उन्हें टॉपिक्स को दोहराना चाचाहिए27. 
If teachers have time left, they should revise the toptopi
अगर कैमरा काम करे, तो मैं और तस्वीरें लूंगा।
If the camera works, I’ll take more pictures.
अगर मैंने अपने बेटे को बहुत सारा पैसा दिया, तो वह सब खर्च कर देगा।
If I Give a lot of money to my son, he will spend it all.
अगर मैं अपनी नौकरी छोड़ दूँ, तो मैं दुनिया भर में यात्रा करकरूंगा30. 
If I quit my job, I will travel around the world.
अगर आप कहेंगे, तो मैं सबसे महंगी कार खरीदूंगा।
If I go to school late tomorrow, I will be punished again.
अगर मैं कल स्कूल देर से गया, तो मुझे फिर से सजा मिमिलेगी32
If I go to school late tomorrow, I will be punished again.
अगर आप कम खाएंगे तो आपका वजन कम होहोगा
If you eat less, you will lose weight.
अगर कल मसूरी में बर्फ गिरेगी, तो हम मंसूरी घूमने जाजायेगे
If snow falls in Mussoorie tomorrow, we will go to Mussoorie.
अगर कल छुट्टी हुई, तो हम सब मूवी देखने चलेंगे।
If it’s a holiday tomorrow, we will all go to see a movie.
अगर वे इतने सारे कपड़े नहीं खरीदेंगे तो उनके पैसे बचेंगे।
If they don’t buy these many clothes they will save money.
अगर हमने यहाँ रहने का फैसला किया, तो हम एक घर खरीद लेंगे
If we decide to stay there, I will buy a car.
अगर मैं प्रतियोगिता जीतता हूँ, तो मैं अमीर हो जाजाऊंगा
If I win the competition, I will become rich.
अगर मुझे आपका ईमेल मिल गया, तो मैं आपको तस्वीर भेभेजूंगा
If I get your email, I will send you a picture.
मेरे पास अच्छे कपड़े हों, तो मैं शादी में जाजाऊंगा
If I have nice clothes, I will go to the wedding.
अगर वह बहुत पैसा कमा लेती है, तो वह न्यूयॉर्क घूमने जायेगी।
If she earns a lot of money, she will go to New York to visit.
अगर आज बर्फबारी हुई, तो हम घर पर रहेंगे।
If it snows today, we will stay at home.
अगर हम यह मैच जीत जाते हैं, तो हम सेमीफाइनल के लिए क्वालीफाई कर लेलेंगे
If we win this match, we will qualify for the semi-finals.
अगर मैं राष्ट्रपति बना तो मैं सुरक्षा व्यवस्था को बदल दूदूंगा
If I become the president, I will change the security system.
अगर कल सचिन शतक मार दे, तो हम मैंच जीत जायेंगे।
If Sachin scores a century tomorrow, we will win the match.
अगर पापा कल जल्दी आ गये, तो हम डिनर पर बाहर जाजायेंगे
If Papa comes early tomorrow, we will go out to dinner.
अगर कल रोड़ में ज़्यादा जाम नहीं लगा, तो हम जल्दी पहुँच जाजायेगे
If there is not much traffic on the road tomorrow, we will arrive early.
अगर कल मैं ज़ल्दी नहीं उठा, तो मेरी गाड़ी छूट जायेगी।
If I don’t get up early tomorrow, I will miss my bus.
अगर कल तेज़ धूप आएगी, तो मैं अपने सारे कपड़े धो दूँगा
If it’s sunny tomorrow, I’ll wash all my clothes.
अगर मैं कल का मैच जीत गया, तो मुझे बहुत सारे पैसे मिलेंगे।
If I win tomorrow’s match, I will get a lot of money.
अगर मैं कल टॉस जीत गया, तो मैच भी जीत जाऊंगा
If I win the toss tomorrow, I will win the match too.
अगर धूप तेज़ होगी, तो गर्मी तेज़ हो जायेगी।
If the sun is strong, the heat will be intense.
अगर लाल बटन दबाओगे, तो दरवाजा खुल जाएगा।
If you press the red button, the door will open.
अगर खाना नहीं खाओगे, तो भूखे मर जाओगे।
If you do not eat food, you will die of hunger.
अगर रात को ज़ल्दी सो जाओगे, तो सुबह ज़ल्दी उठ जाओगे।
If you go to sleep early at night, you will get up early in the morning.
अगर ट्रेन तेज़ दौड़ेगी, तो हम ज़ल्दी पहुँच जायेंगे।
If the train runs faster, we will reach
अगर उसने और मदद मांगी, तो मैं उसे ठुकरा नहीं सकता।
If he asks for more help, I cannot reject it.
अगर तुमने उस गिलास को गिराया, तो वह टूट सकता है।
If I finish the work, I’ll call you
अगर वह आपको बुलाता है, तो आप जा सकते हो।
If he calls you, you may go.
अगर मैं कठिन अध्ययन करता हूँ, तो मैं परीक्षा में सफल हो जाऊंगा।
If I study hard, I will pass the exam.
अगर मैं देर से उठा, तो बस चली जाएगी।
If I wake up late, the bus will leave.
अगर अरनवी घर आयी, तो मैं उसे परीक्षा के बारे में बता दूँगा।
If Arnavi comes home, I will tell her about the exam.
अगर आप रात का खाना पकाओगे, तो मैं बर्तन धो दूँगा।
If you cook dinner, I will wash the dishes.
अगर मेरे दोस्त आएंगे, तो मुझे बहुत खुशी होगी।
If my friends come, I will be very happy
अगर वे जीत जाते हैं, तो भारत क्रिकेट लीग में शीर्ष पर होगा।
If they win, India will top the cricket league.
अगर मैं परीक्षा पास कर लेता हूँ, तो मैं एक पार्टी आयोजित करूंगा।
If I pass the exam, I will organise a party.
अगर गर्मी जारी रही, तो पौधे और जानवर नष्ट हो जाएंगे।
If the heat continues, plants and animals will perish.
अगर मौसम बरसात का हो, तो हम घर पर रहेंगे।
If the weather is rainy, we will stay at home.
अगर आप विनम्रता से पूछेंगे, तो मैं आपके लिए एक बाइक खरीदूंगा।
If you ask politely, I will buy you a bike.
अगर उसको अच्छा उपचार मिल जाता है, तो वह जीवित रहेगा।
If he gets good treatment, he will live.
अगर आपको देर हो गई, तो हम आपके बिना ही चले जाएंगे।
If you are late, we will leave without you.
If it rains, you will get wet.
अगर मुझे 10 मिनट और मिलें, तो मैं उस पेपर को समाप्त कर दूंगा।
If I get 10 more minutes, I will finish that paper.
अगर आप नहीं जाते हैं, तो मैं पुलिस को फोन करूंगा।
If you don’t go, I’ll call the police.
अगर मौसम अच्छा रहा, तो हमारी फसलें अच्छी होंगी।
If the weather is good, our crops will be good.
अगर ये फ़िल्म मेरी बहन देखेगी, तो वह रोने लगेगी।
If my sister watches this movie, she will start crying.
अगर बच्चे बहुत अधिक कैंडी खायेंगे, तो उन्हें पेट में दर्द होगा।
If children eat too many candies, they will have a stomachache.
अगर बच्चे बहुत अधिक कैंडी खायेंगे, तो उन्हें पेट में दर्द होगा।
If I meet him, I’ll tell him.
अगर वे ट्रेन से जाते हैं, तो यह सस्ता रहेगा।
If they go by train, it will be cheaper.
यदि आप प्रतिदिन व्यायाम करें, तो आप बहुत फिट रहेंगे।
If you exercise daily, you will be very fit.
अगर कल बारिश नहीं हुई, तो हम समुद्र तट पर जाएंगे।
If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go for a picnic.
अगर वह मन लगाकर पढ़ाई करेगा तो परीक्षा में अच्छा करेगा।
If he studies diligently, he will do well in the examination.
अगर मैं अच्छी नौकरी करूंगा, तो मुझे बहुत सारे पैसे मिलेंगे
If I do a good job, I will get a lot
अगर धूप रही, तो हम पार्क जाएंगे।
If it’s sunny, we’ll go to the park.
अगर आप अपनी पढ़ाई में मेहनती हैं, तो आप कॉलेज में सफल होंगे।
If you are diligent in your studies, you will be successful in college.
अगर मुझे आमंत्रित किया गया, तो मैं शादी में शामिल होऊंगा।
If I am invited, I will attend the wedding.
अगर मेरे पास पर्याप्त पैसा हो, तो मैं कुछ नए जूते खरीदूंगा।
If I have enough money, I will buy some new shoes.
अगर बारिश हुई, तो हम सिनेमा जाएंगे।
If it rains, we will go to the cinema.
अगर आप पार्टी देंगे, तो आप किस किस को आमंत्रित करेंगे?
If you give a party, who will you invite?
अगर कल बारिश नहीं हुई, तो हम पिकनिक पर जाएंगे।
If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we’ll go to the picnic
अगर मुझे उसका पता मिल गया, तो मैं उसे निमंत्रण भेजूंगा।
If I find his address, I will send him an invitation.
अगर आप शर्त हारोगे, तो मुझे एक गिफ़्ट दोगे।
If you lose the bet, you will give me a gift.
यदि इस गर्मियों में अगर मुझे कोई लड़की मिल गई, तो मैं उससे शादी कर लूंगा।
If I find a girl this summer, I will marry her.
अगर मैं उसे मिलूँगा, तो उसे बता दूंगा।
If I meet him, I'll tell him
अगर मुझे बहुत सारे पैसे मिल जाये, तो मैं एक लम्बी कार लूंगा।
If I get a lot of money, I will buy a long car.
अगर तुम गाड़ी तेज़ चलाओ, तो हम ज़ल्दी घर पहुँच सकते हैं।
If you drive fast, we can reach home early.
अगर तुम बुलाओगे, तो मैं आ सकता हूँ।
If you invite me, I may come.
अगर आप छात्रवृत्ति नहीं जीतते हैं, तो आपके पिता को बहुत दुख होगा।
If you do not win the scholarship, your father will be very sad.
अगर बारिश हुई, तो हम सिनेमा देखेंगे।
If it rains, we will watch the movie.
अगर मौसम बरसात का हो, तो हम घर पर रहेंगे।
If it rains, you will get wet.
अगर आप शरारत नहीं करोगे, तो मैं आपके लिये खिलौने लेकर आऊँगा।
If you won’t be mischievous, I’ll bring you toys.
अगर आप स्कूल का काम समय पर नहीं करोगे, तो आपको डांट पड़ेगी।
If  you don’t do school work on time, you will get scolded.
अगर बारिश होगी, तो आप गीले हो जाओगे।
अगर मैं उनसे मिलूँगा, तो उनके पैसे वापस दे
अगर वो मुझे
अगर वो मुझे पैसे देगा, तो मैं उसको सामान दूँगा।
अगर आप अच्छा काम करोगे, तो आपकी सैलरी बढ़ेगी।
If you do good work, your salary will increase.
पानी में जाओगे, तो डूब सकते हो।
If you go into the water, you can drown.
अगर दुकान खुली होगी, तो सामान लेकर आऊँगा।
If the shop is open, I will bring the goods.
अगर आप बाद में खाली हैं, तो हम टहलने जा सकते हैं।
If you’re free later, we can go for a walk.
अगर उन्हें भूख लगेगी, तो मैं कुछ सैंडविच बनाऊँगी।
If they are hungry, I will make some sandwiches.
अगर हम देर से पहुँचते हैं, तो हमें टैक्सी लेनी होगी।
If we arrive late, we will have to take a taxi.
अगर उसे मदद की ज़रूरत होगी, तो वह फोन करेगा।
If he needs help, he will call
अगर बारिश हुई, तो मैं घर पर रहूँगा।
If it rains, I will stay at home.
अगर आप उसे पैसे उधार देते हैं, तो हो सकता है कि वह वापस न दे
If he gives me money, I will give him the goods
अगर मैं काम खत्म कर लूंगा, तो तुम्हें फोन करूंगा।
If I finish work, I will call you.
अगर मैं कल व्यस्त न रहा, तो मैं तुम्हारी मदद करूँगा।
If I don't busy tomorrow, I will help you.
अगर आपने चुनाव में हिस्सा लिया, तो लोग आपको चुनेंगे।
If you participate in the election, all the people will support you.
If you don’t heat water, it will not boil.
यदि पानी गर्म नहीं होगा तो वो नहीं उबलेगा।
If you heat ice, it will melt.
अगर सूरज डूबता है तो रात हो जाएगी।
If the Sun sets, it will be night.
यदि तुम गन्दा पानी पीते हो, तो तुम बीमार हो जाओगे।
If you drink dirty water, you will fall sick.
यदि वह तुम्हे निमन्त्रण देता है, तो तुम्हें जरूर जाना चाहिए।
If he invites you, you must go.
यदि वह मेरे से बात नहीं करेगा, तो मैं भी बात नहीं करूंगा।
If he doesn’t talk to me, I will not talk to him either.
यदि आप समय पर नहीं आते, तो हमें देर हो जाती।
If you don’t come on time, we will be late.
यदि तुम जल्दी से तैयार नहीं होंगे, तो बस मिस हो जाएगी।
If you don’t get ready quickly, you will miss your bus.
यदि तूम फोन करते हो, तो मैं आ सकता हूँ।
If you call, I can come.
यदि तुम उसे पैसे उधार दोगे, तो वो तुम्हें वापिस नहीं देगा।
If you lend him money, he will not give it back
यदि मैं उससे मिलता, तो मैं उसके पैसे लोटा दूंगा।
If I meet him, I will return his money.


Identification : अगर यह होता तो वो हो जाता/पाता।
Structure: [it Past Simple], [💝Would /Could]

Conditional Sentences Practice Exercise 3
Please translate the following conditional sentences Type 2 into English:

अगर मेरे पास मेरी खुद की ज़मीन होती, तो मैं एक खूबसूरत घर बनाता। (बना पाता)
If I had my own land, I could make a beautiful house
अगर मेरे पास पैसा होता, तो मैं जापान घूमता। (घूम पाता)
If I had money, I could visit Japan.
अगर वह बीमार होती, तो वह मीटिंग में शामिल नहीं हो पाती।
If she was sick, she couldn't attend in the meeting
अगर आपकी जगह मैं होता, तो मैं किसी वकील के पास जाता।
If you were in your place i, I would go to some lawyer.
अगर मैं करोड़पति होता, तो मैं गरीबों की मदद कर पाता।
If I were a millionaire, I could help the poor.
अगर मैं इंग्लैंड की रानी से मिलता, तो उन्हें ये सब बताता।
If I had met the queen of England, I would say these all.
अगर मैं एक मिलियन पाउंड जीत लेता, तो मैं लड़ना बंद कर देता।
If I had won a million dollars, I would have stopped the war.
अगर आप छत से कूदते, तो आपका पैर टूट जाता।
If you had jumped off the roof, you would have broken a feet
अगर मैं अध्यक्ष होता, तो मैं नए और अलग विचार पेश करता।
If I were the president, I would offer new and different ideas.
अगर वह बीमार नहीं होती, तो वह स्कूल जाती।
If she was not sick, she would surely go to school.
अगर तुम पूछते, तो मैं तुम्हारी मदद करता।
If you asked, I would help you.
अगर मेरा घर जंगल में होता, तो मैं हरे-भरे इलाकों में घूमता रहता।
If My house were in a forest, I would walk in the green area.
अगर मेरे पास कार होती, तो मैं स्कूल चला जाता।
If I had a car, I would go to school.
अगर मैं लॉटरी जीत जाता, तो मैं आपको एक कार गिफ़्ट करता।
If I  won the lottery, I would give you a car as a gift.
अगर वह अंग्रेज़ी बोलती, तो मैं समझ नहीं पाता।
If he spoke English, I couldn't understand
अगर मेरे पास अपनी कार होती, तो मुझे हर दिन काम करने के लिए बस का इंतजार नहीं करना पड़ता।
If I had my own car, I wouldn't have to wait for the bus everyday.
यदि मेरे पास यूनिवरसिटी की डिग्री होती, मैं एक अच्छी जॉब पाने की कोशिश करता।
If I had a university degree, I would try to get a better job.
अगर वह धूम्रपान करना बंद कर दे, तो उसे इतनी खांसी नहीं होती
If he stopped smoking, he wouldn't cough so much.
अगर मुझे उसका ऐड्रस पता होता, तो मैं उसे निमंत्रण भेजता।
If I knew her address, I would have sent an invitation card.
अगर मेरे पिताजी अधिक कमाते, तो हम अपनी छुट्टियां विदेश में बिताते।
If my father had earned more, We would have spent the vacation abroad.
अगर वह ऊंचाइयों से नहीं डरते, तो वह हवाई जहाज से यात्रा करते।
If he weren't afraid, He would travel by aeroplane.
अगर मैं लॉटरी जीतता, तो मैं करोड़पति होता।
If I won a lottery, I would be a millionaire
अगर मेरे पास लाखों डॉलर होते, तो मैं मतलबी नहीं होता।
If I hadn't had millions of dollars, I wouldn't be selfish.
अगर मैं बहुत अमीर होता, तो मैं कुछ पैसे चैरिटी को देता।
If I were a great richman, I would give some money to charity
अगर मैं कहीं यात्रा करता, तो मैं सबसे शानदार होटलों में रहता।
If I travelled somewhere, I would stay in most luxury hotels.
अगर मैं पहले घर पहुँचता, तो रात का खाना बना लेता।
If I reached home earlier I would cook dinner.
अगर वह मेरा दोस्त होता, तो मैं उसे अपनी जन्मदिन की पार्टी में आमंत्रित करता।
If he were my friend, I would invite him on my birthday.
अगर मैं सचिन से मिलता, तो मैं उनका ऑटोग्राफ मांगता।
If I met Sachin, I would ask for his autograph.
अगर अमन को पॉकेट मनी मिलती, तो वह मुझे डिनर पे ले जाता।
If Aman got pocket money, he would take me to dinner.
अगर उनके पास पर्याप्त पैसा होता, तो वे एक नई कार खरीद लेते।
If they had enough money, they would have bought a new car.
अगर हम एक नई कार खरीदते, तो हमें फिर कभी देर नहीं होती।
If we bought a new car, we would never be late again.
अगर मैं एक movie स्टार होता, तो मैं किसी प्रसिद्ध व्यक्ति से शादी करता।
If I were a movie star, I would marry a legendary person.
अगर उन्हें गर्म मौसम पसंद होता, तो वे छुट्टी लेकर राजस्थान जाते
If they were like hot weather, they would take vacation to Rajasthan.
अगर उसे उसका नंबर पता होता, तो वह उसे कॉल करती।
If he knew his number,she would call him.
अगर हम दोस्त नहीं होते, तो मैं इस बात पर नाराज़ होता।
If we were not friends, I would be angry on this point.
अगर हमारे पास समय होता तो हम खाना खाने आते।
If we had time, we would come to eat food.
अगर उसके और दोस्त होते, तो वह ज़्यादा खुश होती।
If she had more friend, she would be happier
अगर मैं सही अंग्रेज़ी बोलता, तो मेरी नौकरी अच्छी होती।
If I spoke English correctly, I would have better job
अगर हम अमेरिका में रहते, तो मैं इंग्लिश बोलता।
If we lived in America, I would speak English.
अगर मैं राष्ट्रपति होता, तो मैं लाल बत्ती की कार में नहीं घूमता।
If I were the president, I would drive around in a red light vip car.





























































If I knew… I wish I knew…
Study the example situation:
Sarah wants to phone Paul, but she can't do this because she doesn't know his number. She says:
"I would phone him, if I knew his number."
(She doesn't know Paul's phone number, so she says "if I knew)
(She imagines what she would do 'if' she 'knew' his number.
(When we imagine a situation like this. We use if+past (if)I knew/if you were/if I did/if I had. But the meaning is present, not past.
👉 There are many things. I would like to do,"if I had" more time(but I don't have time)
👉But I didn't want to go to the party."I wouldn't go."(but I don't want to go")
👉 If you were my position, what would you do?
👉 it's pity, he can't drive. It would be useful, 'if' I 'could'
We use the past in the same way after wish (I wish I knew/I were etc.
We use wish to say that we regret something that, something is not as we would like it to be.
👉 I wish I knew Paul's phone number.
(=I don't know it and regret this.
👉 Do you ever wish to could fly?
(=You can't fly.)
👉 It's very crowded their, I wish there weren't so many people.
(=There are a lot of people.
👉 I wish I didn't have to work tomorrow, but unfortunately  I do)
Compare.
👉 I am glad I live here. I live here and that's good.
👉 I wish I lived here.(I don't live here unfortunately.
After 'if' and 'wish', you can use 'were' instead of  'was' (if I were/I wish I were etc.
You can also use 'was' . So you can say
👉  If I were you, I would not buy that coat.    Or  if I was you
👉 I would go for a walk if it weren't so cold.   Or if I was you....
👉 I wish Anna were here,.   Or I wish Anna was here.
We don't usually say ' if…would; we use would in the other part of the sentence.
👉 If I were rich, I would travel a lot. (Not if I would be rich.)
👉 Who would you ask if you needed help? (not if you would need) 
 Could sometimes mean 'would be able to' and sometimes was/were able to':
👉 She could get a better job.   She could get=she  be a 
👉 If she could speak another language   if she could be speak=if she was
Conditional Sentences
If (Condition शर्त), (Result परिणाम)
{If you read, you will pass}
यदि तुम पढ़ो, तो पास हो जाओगे
यदि तुम पढ़ते हो, तो पास हो जाओगे
यदि तुम पढ़ोगे, तो पास हो जाओगे।
*शर्त किसी भी सेंस में हो present indefinite ही लगेगा। Does not matter
Optional
{You will pass, if you read}

Zero Conditional (General Truth)
100% Possibility
If + Simple Tense, Simple Tense
Example.      (आदर्श)
1.If you heat ice,                 it melts
2.If you stand in the rain,.  You get wet
3.When babies are hungary,      they cry
If or when (doesn't matter)

First Conditional (open condition)
If+(Pre. Simple),(Will/May/Can/Should)
90% Possibility
Example।      (न्याय)
1 If I win lottery,          I will buy a car
2 If you walk slow,.    you may late
3 If your parents call you, you should go.
4 You will fail.       If you don't read
5 if it happens.     I wouldn't be surprised.
6 If I find her address, I will send her a gift.


Third Conditional (फड़बाज़)
(O%) Possibility
(Past condition without result)
Example
(Past perfect ), 
If+ (Had+V3),.       (Would have V3…)
If you had studied hard,
you would have passed.)
If I had known her address, 
I would have told you



Wednesday, 30 August 2023

world of the day (Aug23)

Word of the day (08)
1.8. Lenient [adj]
Sympathetic/Merciful
उदार /दयालु
=>पुलिस कभी कभी महिला अपराधियों के प्रति ज्यादा उदार होते हैं
=> Police sometimes are Sympathetic more lenient with female offenders
=> कुछ टीचर्स जो दुर्व्यहवार करने वाले विद्यार्थी के प्रति दयालु हैं होते है।
=> Some teachers are kind to even those students who misbehave
2.8. Squat (V)
To Stroop / To Encroach
बैठना / कब्जा जमाना
=> The thief squashed behind the bush to avoid being seen
=> People shouldn't question other people's property
3.8. Plump (adj)
Fat / Inflate
मोटा / फुलाना
=> The Plumped face of Raavan flushed with indignation (क्रोध से तमतमाना)
=> Child plumped (फुलाना) the big balloon for the birthday celebration.
4.8.Cousin (n.)
Uncle's daughter / Uncle's son
चचेरी बहन / मौसेरा भाई
=> Your cousin Meena has beautiful hair.
=> I had gone to my cousin's house yesterday
5.8. Repeal (v.n.)
To revoke /Abrogation
निरस्त करने / निरस्न
=> A campaign (अभियान) is underway in India  now to repeal abortion law
=> The Senators in the US voted to repeal abortion law
6. 8.Substitute (n.)
Replacement / Exchange
विकल्प / स्थानापन्न
=> Rohit's teacher acted as a substitute for his father.
=> Anil chhetri was bought on as a substitute after half time
7.8. No pain no gain (Idiom)
It's necessary to work hard to succeed
बिना परिश्रम कुछ नहीं मिलता।
=> If a person wants to be a successful life
Then he has to work hard because there is No pain and no gain.
=> Ramesh runs 10 kar every day to lose weight. His feet are aching. But he knows that  No pain and no gain
8.8. Beat around the bush (Idiom-Phrase)
To avoid talking about what is important.
=> घुमा फिर कर बात करना/मुद्दे की बात न करते हुए इधर उधर मत करो, सीधे मुद्दे पर आओ।
=> I don't have time for you to beat around the bush. Get to the point!
9.8. Call it a day (Idiom-phrase) 
To decide to give up work
किसी कार्य कल करने से रोकने का निर्णय लेना
=> I can't work in the heat longer. I'm Calling if a day
=> You're making too many mistakes. If you're tired, let's Call it a day
10.8. A Piece of Cake (Idiom /Phrase)
Very easy. 
बहुत आसान
=> The Question Paper of Today's Exam was A Piece Of Cake.
=> Riding A Bike is A Piece Of Cake for the Youngsters
11.8. Hit The Sake (Idiom / Phrase)
To Go To Bed For Sleeping
सोने के लिए जाना।
=> It's already Past Midnight . Let's hit the Sake. Now
=> I have wake up early tomorrow, So I need to hit the Sake now
12.8. It's not Rocket science (Idiom / Phrase)
It's not so Complicated.
यह इतना मुश्किल नही है
=> Washing Clothes is not a Rocket Science.
=> My teacher would always say that there is nothing like Rocket Science in our life.
13.8. "Don't Judge a Book by Cover" (Idiom /Phrase)
Don't judge a Person but Its Outer Appearance.
किसी बुक को उसके आवरण से न आंके।
=> This Candidate isn't  looking Very Intelligent, But you can't Judge a Book By Its Cover.
=> When  Kumar Sanu Sang First Time, He Proved that One Should not Judge A Book By Cover.
14.8. Ask For (Phrase)
To Request
मांगना
आर्थिक परेशानी होने के बावजूद, रानी अनिच्छुक थी।
=> Rani was Reluctant, despite being in 
dire Financial Status.
रानी आर्थिक परेशानी होने के बावजूद अनिच्छुक है
=> The workers asked their boss for more money, But he Refused.
=> कर्मीयों ने अपने बॉस को ढ़क पैसे के लिए पूछा पर उसने इनकार कर दिया।
15.8. Ask Out (Phrase)
To Invite Someone Out On A Date. 
किसी को डेट पर इनवाइट करना।
=> Mohan Really Likes Manisha and  he wants to Ask her out on a date with him.
=> मोहन वास्तव में मनीषा को पसंद करता है और  उससे मांगना चाहता है अपने साथी को डेट पर लेकर (Ask out) जाना चाहता है
=> Harish is trying to take his colleague on a date, but he is unable to find the right Opportunity.
=> हरीश  अपने साथी को date पर ले जाने का  प्रयास कर रहा है पर वह date पर जाने से सही अवसर पाने में असमर्थ है।
16.8. Back Down [Phrasal Verb]
To Retreat From a Particular Idea Or 
Course Of Action [पीछे हटना]
=> Local Residents Of The Neighbourhood Have Forced The Local Council To Back Down On Plan To Build A Nightclub On Their Street.
=> सःथानीय मोहल्ला निवासियों ने स्थानीय कौंसिल पर नाईट क्लब की बुलडिंग योजना से पीछे हटने का दबाव बनाया
=> Action goods was So Popular That Price Auctioneer  was not ready back Down for its Rs Lakhs
=> नीलामी की वस्तु इतनी लोकपप्रिय थी  कि इसकी कीमत लाखों रुपये पहुंचने पर भी कोई बोलीदाता पीछे हटने को तैयार नहीं था।
=>The auction item was so popular that even after its price reached lakhs of rupees, no bidder was ready to back down.
17.8. Back Up (Phrase Verb)
To Prepare A Second  Copy of a File
      बैक अप लेना।
=> Computer users (कॉम्प्यूटर उपभोगता) keep looking (ढूंढते रहते हैं)  for ways to back up (कॉर्बन कॉपी)  their Email and keep it in its original form.(मूल रूप से)
=> The office Supervisor has asked all the employees to website that they back up their files every day.
18.8. Beat Up (Phrasal Verb]
To Hit Or Kick Somebody Hard
पीटना
=> The Ruling Party Got Brutally (बेरहमी) Beaten Up Badly by Those Who Supported the opposition.
=> Protesters Demonstrating (पर्दर्शन कर रहे प्रदर्शनकारी) Outside The Parliament Claim That The Police Have Beaten Them up.
19.8. Believe In (Idiom / Phrase)
To Have Believe
विश्वास करना ।
=> If you don't believe in yourself, then no one else will believe in you either.
=> The Tragedy of Covid forces Neeta to question everything she believes in.
20.8. Bite Off (Idiom / Phrase)
To use teeth to Bite a place of Something.
काट लेना।
=> The Beggars was so Hungry that He wanted to Bite Off half of my hamburger.
=> The child has bitten off the little finger of his left hand while biting his nails.
.21.8. Blow away
To Defeat aCompetitor Completely
To Surprise Someone Very much.
पूरी तरह परास्त करना /हैरान कर देना।
=> It seems that this top-ranked team is just going to blow away any opponent they face.
=> This new story has such an interesting and amazing ending that it just blows me away.
=> ऐसा लगता है कि यह शीर्ष रैंक वाली टीम अपने सामने आने वाले किसी भी प्रतिद्वंद्वी को परास्त कर देगी।
 => इस नई कहानी का अंत इतना दिलचस्प और आश्चर्यजनक है कि यह मुझे हैरान कर देता है
22.8. Blow off (Phrase)
To Refuse to take Notice of. /. To Ignore
नजर अंदाज करना / उपेक्षा करना
=>I tried to talk to Rohit. But he just  blew off.
=> Sita thought that her date with Amit went well, buy it seems that Amit is blowing Sita off as he hasn't called her for money days
23.8. Blow Up
To Explode / To Destroy
(उड़ा देना)
=> The Hijackers Threatened to Blow Up The Plane If Their Demands were not met.
=> The Whole World including America Knows That Nuclear Bomb Has The Power To Blow Up An Entire Country.
24.8. Blow out
To Extinguish A Flame / Extinguish
आग बुझाना / बुझाना
=> Raman Blew out The Match Flame After Lighting His Cigarette
=> It's A Tradition To Make a Wish before Blowing Candles on Birthday Cake.
25.8. Boil Down To
To be Dependent on. / To have reason for
निर्भर करना / कारण होना
=> The success of the shopkeeper really boil down to whether customers will be waiting  to pay more for the same product or no. दुकानदार की सफलता सचमुच निर्भर  ग्राहक समान उत्पादन के लिए  अधिक पैसे को तैयार होंगे।
=> This year's low sales boils due to high prices and poor customer care.
इस साल कम बिक्री का कारण ऊंची कीमत और सस्ती ग्राहक सेवा है।
26.8. BREAK DOWN
Break Down
विफल होना /टूट जाना
=> The Government's talks broke down with business leaders last night.
=> Mahesh And Shayna's marriage was Unexpectedly broke down.
27.8. BREAK IN
To Entire a Building by force 
To have an illegal entry into a home
तोड़कर घुसना / सेंध लगाना
=> The thief broke into the house, breaking the window and stole the Radio.
=> There was an attempt break-in at our house while we were away
28.8 BREAKING OFF
To Stop Suddenly
To Break Up Suddenly
अचानक रुकना / To अचानक टुट जाना
=> They Started Speaking then Broke Off  in the middle of the Second sentence.
=> The ongoing talks between the two companies regarding a merger Suddenly Broke off.
Ongoing talks-चल रही बातचीत /regarding-merger विलय को लेकर
29.8. BREAK OUT
To Start suddenly / To Get Out Of
छिड़ जाना ,/ बाहर निकलना।
=> Both of countries recalled their Ambassadors when war Break out
=> Shyam needed to  Break out of her daily Routine and do Something Exciting.
30.8 Break Through 
To Succeed / To make a way
सफलता / निकल जाना
भारतीय वैज्ञानिक कैंसर के इलाज की खोज में बड़ी सफलता हासिल कर रहे हैं।
=> Indian scientists are making breakthrough in the search for a cure for cancer.
 => There was a police cordon around the site. But demonstration still break through
=> घटनास्थल के चारों ओर पुलिस घेरा था।  लेकिन प्रदर्शन अभी भी जारी है।
31.8  BREAK UP
To come to an end
To disperse
टूटना / तीतर बितर करना
=> Reshma met her second after the break up of her first marriage.
=> Police tried to breakup a  of demonstration


Sunday, 20 August 2023

Spoken 90

Q1. This building is said to …………. constructed next year.
a) be
b) have been
c) having been
d) have

Q2. This building is said to …………. constructed 3 years ago.
a) be
b) have been
c) having been
d) have

Q3: Translate into English: ये किताब उसकी है।
a) This book is hers.
b) This book is her.

Saturday, 19 August 2023

Still v/s Yet

Still v/s yet v/s already:

1. Still - used to talk about something that hasn't finished especially when it was expected to finish earlier. (जब कोई कार्य खत्म न हुआ हो, खासकर जब वह पहले ही खत्म हो जाना चाहिए था, तब still का इस्तेमाल किया जाता है)

- used in questions, affirmative and negative sentences (सकारात्मक, प्रश्नवाचक और नकारात्मक वाक्यों के लिए इस्तेमाल किया जाता है)

He is still angry at his best friend. (वह अभी तक अपने दोस्त से गुस्सा है)
Are you still smoking? I though you had quit. (तुम अभी तक smoke करते हो? मैंने सोचा तुमने smoking छोड़ दी है)

2. Yet - used to talk about something which is expected to happen (अपेक्षित कार्यों के लिए yet का इस्तेमाल किया जाता है)

- used in questions and negative sentences.(प्रश्नवाचक और नकारात्मक वाक्यों के लिए इस्तेमाल किया जाता है)

Have you written the report yet? (क्या तुमनें report लिखी?)
She hasn't finished her homework yet. (उसने अभी तक अपना homework ख़त्म नहीं किया है)

3. Already - used to talk about something that has happened, often earlier than expected. (जब कोई कार्य अपेक्षित समय से बहुत पहले ही ख़त्म हो चुका हो)

- used in affirmative sentences and questions. (प्रश्नवाचक और सकारात्मक वाक्यों के लिए इस्तेमाल किया जाता है)

I already know what I will buy you for your birthday. (मुझे पहले से पता है, मैं तुम्हारे जन्मदिन पर क्या तोहफा दूंगी.)
Has he already left the party? (क्या वह party से चला गया?

Tuesday, 15 August 2023

72, English Mistakes

WORD OF THE DAY [07]
Couch (n.v.)
Sofa/to Settle
सोफा सेट /घात लगाकर बैठना।
Rahul and Veena were sitting on the couch together
A Tiger (Sb) couches (V) itself in thick (घनी ) Ob) grass to let its prey come closer.(Ow)
बाघ अपने शिकार के करीब आने देने के लिए घनी घास में घात लगाकर बैठता है।
Compensate (v.)
To Indemnify / Restitute/ 
भरपाई / मुआवजा
No one (Sb) can (V) compensate (Ob)for the loss of loved one (Ow))
(कोई नहीं कर सकता) (भरपाई के लिए) (प्रियजन के नुकसान)
The Government compensate the farmer for the damage their crop
सरकार/ किसान को/ मुआवजा देती है/ उसकी फसल के नुकसान का।
Conscious (Adj.)
Aware / Awake
जागरूक / होश
The people are conscious (Aware) too much politically in India
Neeta remained conscious (awake) during (throughout) the complete operation in the hospital.
UNWANTED (Adj.)
Un-desirable / Un-welcome
अवांछित / अनचाहा
Nowadays  People give their unwanted (undesirable ) things to Charity
Neha uses her Secretary to avoid Unwanted (unwelcome) Phone calls
Sting [V. N.]
To Prick / Prick 
ढंक मारना / ढंक
The Wasp (ततैया) has stung (ढंक मारा) the Hunter's Hand.
Some types of Jellyfish have a powerful Sting.
Plumb (n.v.)
Chubby / To put down
मोटा / पटक देना
Ram is very Plum because he eats a lot of food.
Manisha plumbed her bag onto the bench.
Groomy(Adj.)
Sad / Dim 
उदास / धुंधली 
Manisha 's younger son looks gloomy today
The book presents a gloomy picnic of the prospects for peace 
Eloquent (adj.)
Expressive / fluent
शानदार / वाकपटु
The Hon'ble president made an eloquent speech after dinner.
India's first prime minister Pandit JAwahar Lal Nehru was an eloquent orator
Feasible (adj.)
Vlable/  Possible 
व्यवहार्य / संभव
Planting trees is a feasible way to solve the problem of pollution.
It's completely feasible to produce electricity without creating pollution.
10. Thrift (n. adj)
Saving / Economy
बचत / किफायत
One can save money by practising thrift.
My friends like to shop at the thrift store.
11. Delinquent (Adj)
Criminal / Unpaid
अपराधी / बकाया
Delinquent  behaviour can lead to more serious problems.
The tax department is trying to collect delinquency.
12.  Dodge [V]
JiTo avoid / To get out of
बचना / कतराना
Don't try to dodge your responsibility
He always manages to dodge doing the homework
13. Pursuit [V]
To Chase / To Guest 
पीछा करना / खोज में रहना
Police 's four vehicles were in Pursuit of the Criminal.
Lord Budha was always engrossed pursuit i
14. Upbringing (v)
Rearing / Education
परवरिश शीक्षा दिशा
Mahesh finally rebelled against his strick upcoming
Sohan's  mother said that her son's upbringing
15.  Scrutinise [v]
To peruse / To Examine
जांच करना / तलाशी लेना।
The Customs Official Scrutinised every page of the passport of Passengers
In the case of Narcotics, Victime are Painstakingly scrutinised. 
16.Generous [Adj]
Open Handed / Kind
मुक्तहस्त / उदार
Customer gave a very generous tip to the hotel's waiter.
Lending Money to those who can't repay the loan is a very Generous Act.
17. Brash [adj.]
Flamboyant / Dire
भड़कीला / उग्र
The printing of Louvre  museum are brash and modern (भड़कीला और आधुनिक)
 Mahesh often behaves in a brash manner (उग्र तरीका) with co-workers.
18. Deplete [v.]
To Exhaust / To Decrease
खाली होना / कमी होना
Last Year Sri Lanka's Cash Reserves (नकदी भंडार) were Deleting at an Alarming Rate.
Dirty Water can Deplete oxygen in Water.
19. Antagonised (v)
To Annoy / To Offend
नाराज होना / विरोध करना
The Untruthful speech of the leader Antagonised of many voters
Antagonising Beijing by the White House would be Dangerous.
20. Boast [n. v.]
To Brag / To Exaggerate 
घमंड / डींग हांकना
A Man should never boast about his Achievements.(उपलब्धि)
एक आदमी को अपनी उपलब्धियों पर कभी घमंड नहीं करना चाहिए।
I don't boast, but I can actually speak six languages.
मैं डींग नहीं हांकता पर सच में 6 भाषा  बोल सकता हूं।
21. Constrain [v]
To be Compelled/To Restrict
विवश होना / अंकुश लगाना
Oil Companies said that they Constrained to raise prices.
तेल कंपनियों ने कहा है कि वे कीमतें बढ़ाने के लिए विवश हैं।
Jail Cells are necessary to Constrained Criminals
अपराधियों पर अंकुश लगाने के लिए जेल कोठरियां आवश्यक हैं
22. Lock (n.v.)
 Padlock / To Fasten
Youताला / बंद करना
गणेश ने अपने ऑफिस के दरवाजे का ताला बदल दिया है
Ganesh has changed the lock of the door of his office.
बाहर जाने से पहले कृपा द्रवाजा अवश्य बदल दें।
Please do luck the door before going to outside
23. Custom (n)
Tradition / impost
रीति रिवाज / सीमा शुल्क
All sections of society have their own customs.
समाज के सभी वर्गों के अपने अपने रीति  रिवाज होते हैं।
विदेशों से वस्तुओं के आयात निर्यात पर सीमा शुल्क  का भुगतान करना पड़ता है।
Custom duty has to be  paid  on export-import of goods from abroad
24. Left (v.adj)
Abandoned / Opposite to right 
छोड़ दिया /बायां
रानी ने अपना छाता ट्रेन में छोड़ दिया
Rani left her umbrella in the train
उस क्रिकेटर के बाएं हाथ में चोट लगी है।
That cricketer has hurt his left hand.
25.Concur (v)
To Agree / To match
सहमत होना। / मेल खाना
रानी के पिता उसकी मांगों से सहमत थे।
Rani's father was Conquered (Agreed) with her demands.
रमेश के विचार ममता के विचारों से मेल नहीं खाते
Ramesh's views don't Concur (match) with Mamta's views
26. Harsh (adj.)
Cruel /Ruthless
कठोर / क्रूर
रोहन ने अपने भाई से कुछ कठोर शब्द कहे।
Rohsn angrily said some Cruel (harsh) words about his brother.
राजा द्वारा दूत को दी गई से कारूर और अनुचित थी।
The Punishment given by king to the messenger was harsh (Cruel and unfair)
27. Integrate [v]
To Fuse / To Combine
एकीकृत करना / शामिल करना
मिताली ने अपने संगीत में जैज और रॉक के तत्वों को एक्क्रित किया 
Mitali integrated elements of  and rock in her music
विज्ञान की अच्छी बुक  को पाठ्यक्रम में शामिल किया जाना चाहिए
28. Lag [v.n]
To Fall behind / Gap
पिछड़ना / अंतराल
मैराथन दौड़ में कई खिलाड़ी शुरुआत में ही पिछड़ने लगते हैं
Many players start lagging (start falling behind) in the beginning in the Marathon Race.
विकसित और विशालशील देशों के बीच बड़ा समय अंतराल रहता है।
There is a big time lag (gap) between developed and developing countries.
29.Shed (n.v.)
Shed /To Drop
बिल्ली का घर / झड़ना
बिल्ली अपने शेड से घास खा थी है
The cattles area eating grass in their shéd (house)
प्रत्येक वर्ष  पतझड़ मेंपेड़ों से उनके पत्ते झड़ते हैं
Trees shed their leaves in autumn every years
30. Water (n ,v]
Aqua ,/ To Irrigate
पानी / पानी देना
हमें प्रत्येक दिन कम से कम पांच ग्लास पानी पीना चाहिए।
We should drink five glasses of water at least every day.
मधुलिता हर साल अपने lown के पौधों को पानी देती है।
Madhulita gives water to plants on her  every year.
31.  Languish (V.) 
To spend the time / Decay
Time pass /मंदी
Some prisoners of Indian are languishing in a foreign Jail 
Nowadays Share prices languished at the closing bell.



Saturday, 12 August 2023

Narration


V1 /V2 /-  V2 
Do dos /did  To - did
Is am are To was were+ was-were
 Has have V3 To +had V3
V2/ V3 - To Had V3
Did/ had V3 To Had V3
Had V3 To Had V3+Had V3
Hd V3 /Hd V3+Had V3
Was wére /Hd been+Had been
Will Shall /would+would
Can /Could+Could
May /Might +Might
(My boss ordered to me
Prayed that 
May you pass the interview 
How tragic the situation 
Exclimed with sorrow 
I miss you chance
Exclaimed with applause
exclimed with wonder)
Direct Indirect
May you have earn lot of money
He prey that of might earn lot of money 
V1।    =>    V2 (Present)
Do/Does     =>     Did
Is/Am/Are =>     Was/Were
Has/Have    =>    Had+3

V2    =>   V3 (Past)
Did     =>     Had+V3
Had     =>     Had+V3
Was/Were    =>     Had+been

V3।    => (Future Present)  =>  Future Past
Will/Shall  =>   Would
Can    =>    Could
May     =>    Might
16. Narration 
Narration means, 'Statement' We express the statement of a speaker in two ways.
(I) Direct Speech. (II) Indirect Speech. 
(I) Direct Speech:- 
When the speaker's words or words are presented as they are, it is called Direct Speech.  
This 1statement is written in 'inverted commas'.
Example: 
Ram said to him,"I am reading a book."

(II) Indirect Speech:
When the speaker's words are not said as they are, his feelings are presented.  That indirect statement is called indirect speech.  This statement is not written in inverted commas.
Direct Search is divided into the following parts:-
Reporting clause: [Subject + Reporting Verb + Preposition and Object] 
(i.e. the part outside "inverted commas") together form the Reporting Clause.
Example : 
Ram (Subject) said (verb) to (Preposition) him (Object)

Generally: Reporting Clause is written at the beginning of the sentence, but it is not necessary that in Direct Speech, the use of Reporting Clause should be at the beginning of the sentence --- it can be written anywhere, at the beginning, in the middle or at the end.
Example: 
He said to me, " I like you.The reason behind it is  that you always take care of me."

In this sentence, the reporting clause is in the beginning, we can also write it like this.
"I like you. The reason behind this is that you always take care to me."  Ram said to me.  
And we can also write in the middle of the Reporting Clause in such a way that there is no difference in its meaning or intent.
Example: 
"I like you." He said to me, "The reason behind this is that you always take care to me."

It is not compulsory that every reporting clause has an object.  Sometimes the position of Subject + Verb, ie He/Ram/You/ said etc. can also be there.
Reporting Verb : Reporting Clause ke verb को Reporting Been कहा जाता है। Ram said (Reporting Verb) to me
Reporting Speech
Inside parts of 'Inverted Commas' 
"I am reading a book". Called 'Reported Speech'. Verb of that sentence is called 'Verb of Reported Speech'
Ram said to me,(Reporting Verb => Reporting Speech) "I am reading a book."(Verb of Reported Speech=>Reported Speech)  Removing Inverted Commas Reported Speech, Indirect Speech is formed when Tense, Personal Pronoun, Conjunction and other important changes are made.
If we translate the above example into Indirect Speech
If you do, then the following sentence will be formed.
Ram told him that he was reading a book.
To be continued..




Rules of Change Narrations
In Narration, we are concerned with the meaning of the sentence and not by its structure.
In terms of structure or structure, they are really simple, compound, complex, or mix.
This is the subject of analysis.
Meaningful Sentences:
Assertive, Imperative, Interrogative, Otative and
Exclamatory होते हैं।
Direct Speech से Indirect Speech into changing rules:
(I) General Rules
(II) Special Rules
(I) General Rules:
General Rules are called these rules which are applied with each sentences.
Change of Tense
Change of Person
Change of other part of Speech.
(1,) Change of Tense:
If the Reporting Verb has in Present Tense or Future Tense, Reported Speech or Tense won't change
Example:
Direct: He says,"Ram is ill."
Indirect: He says that Ram is I'll.
Direct: Naresh will say,"Girls are very clever."
Indirect: Naresh will say that girls are very clever.



NOTE:-
Direct Narration में Inverted commas को Indirect नर्राश्म में से हटा कर वाक्य के अनुसार Cunjunction का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
Dr. She says, "I am ready."
In. She says that she is ready.
यदि Reported verb past tense में है तो Direct speech का Present tense, Past tense में परिवर्तित होगा।
Example:
 Direct: He said, "Ram is ill."
Indirect: He said that he was ill.
Direct: Ram said to me, "Some girls are cheating."
Indirect:. Ram told me that some girls were cheating.

यदि परम्भिक क्रिया (Introductory Verb) Past Tense में हो,
तो Reported Speech के नियमों के अनुसार बदला जाता है।



Present Simple
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
Past Simple
Present Perfect Continuous.
Future
Future Continuous
To Past Simple
To Past Continuous
To Past Perfect
To Past Perfect.
To Past Perfect Continuous
To Probable Conditional
To Probable Conditional



Example:
Direct: He said, "Nambiar works hard."
Indirect: He said that Nambiar worked hard.
D. He said, " Nambiar is working hard."
Indirect: He said that Nambiar was working hard.
Direct: He said, "Nambiar has worked hard."
Indirect: He said that Nambiar had worked.
Direct: He said, "Nambiar worked hard."
Indirect: He said that Nambiar had worked hard.
Direct: He said, "Nambiar has been working hard."
Indirect: He said that Nambar had been working hard.
Direct: He said, "Nambiar will work hard."
Indirect: He said that Nambiar would work hard.
Direct: He said, "Nambiar will be working hard."
Indirect: He said that Nambiar would be working hard.



Note:
1. Reported Speech का Past Perfact और Past Perfect Continuous ज्यों के त्यों (As It is) रहते हैं।
2, यदि Reported Speech के भीतर कोई ऐसा कथन हो जिससे 'आदत' 'चिरन्तन सत्य' या 'सिद्धान्त (Habitual, Universal Truth या Principle का sense हो तो Reporting Verb का tense नहीं बदला जाता है, जैसे:
The teacher said, "The earth is round." 
The teacher said that the earth is round.
He said, "Honesty is the best policy.
He said that honesty is the best policy.
The prachar said, "Man proposes and God disposes."
The preacher said that manpropses and God disposes.
Inverted commas के भीतर जो Proverbs & Idioms (मुहावरे या लोकोकितयां) हैं उसमें भी Universal Truth का बोध होता है और इसीलिए वाक्यों के verbs के भी tense नहीं बदलते।



Example:
Dr. He remarked,"A bad carpenter quarrels with his tools.
In. He remarked that a bad carpenter quarrels with his tools.
"एक घटिया बढ़ई अपने औजारों से झगड़ता है।"
Dr. I said," Birds of a feather flock together."
In. I said that birds of a feather flock together.
"समान प्रवृत्ति के व्यक्ति इकट्ठे रहते हैं।"

कभी कभी Reported Speech में "must" का प्रयोग होता है ।
ऐसे में must को साधारण्तः has/have to+ Verb में बदल देना चाहिए।
Example:
Dr. He said, "Students must respect teachers."
In. He said that Students have to respect teachers

(2) Change of Person
Direct Narration को Indirect Narration में change करने के लिए inverted commasके अंदर  अर्थात Reported Speech में प्रयुक्त Ist, IInd, IIIrd Person के Pronouns को SON के नियम के अनुसार बदला जा सकता है।



Subject
Object
No Change
1st Person
2nd Person
3rd Person

अर्थात I Person Subject के अनुसार (Reporting Verb के)
IInd Person Subject के अनुसार (Reporting Verb के)
IIIrd Person Subject No Change1
Example:
Direct: She said to me, "I'm right but you are wrong."
Indirect: She told me that She was righ but I was wrong.
'1' First Person है जो Subject 'She' के अनुसार  बदलकर 'she' हो गया है तथा 'you' Second Person है जो Object 'me'के अनुसार बदल कर 'I' हो गया है।



Examples:
D: You said to me, "He is handsome."
I:  You told me that he was handsome.

'He' Third Person है अतः इसमें कोई change नहीं किया गया है।
यदि Universal Truth के लिए  'we' का प्रयोग हो तो indirect narration में नहीं बदला जा सकता है।
Examples:
Direct: They said, "We cannot live without air."
Indirect: They said that we cannot live without air.

In this Sentence 'we' ,were not changed  because use of this for Universal Through.
If any Magazine , News Paper etc. these are used for me  we, our, us. Then changed in  'it, its' and  it in Indian Narration.
Examples :
D: The Times of India say, " We are trying our best to keep you well informed.
I: The Times of India says that it is trying its best to keep you well informed."

If 'we' and 'our' have been changed in 'it' It's,  
If in the 'Reporting Verb' not used 'Object' and in the 'Reported Speech used 'you' then it 'you' is changed into Third Person or First Person
Examples: 
Direct: She said, "You are guilty."
Indirect: She said that he was guilty.
Direct: He said, "You are all guilty.
Indirect: He said that they were all guilty.
Direct: He said, "You are guilty.
Indirect: He said that I was guilty.
Direct: He said, "You are all guilty."
Indirect:He said that we were all guilty.

(3) Change of Other Parts of Speech.:
When Reporting speech lives in Past Tense then it has changed not only verb of change but also Reported Speech (inside of inverted commas) of how much Expressing nearness) Adjectives, adverbs, and Verbs live there.
They all of expressing distance are changed in words.
This
Into
That
These
Into
Those
Here
Into
There
Now
Into
Then
Thus
Into
So
Come
Into
Go
Tomorrow
Into
Next day
Yesterday
Into
The Previous Day
Last Night
Into
The Previous Night
Next Week/Years
Into
The Following week/Year
Hence
Into
Thence
Today
IntoI
That day
A year, etc, ago
Into
A year before

NOTE
इस सम्बंध में यह बात ध्यान देने योग्य है यदि Reported Speech में प्रयोग किये गए Adjective या Adverb से ऐसा मालूम पड़े कि वह चीजें वक्ता के साथ या सामने है तो उस हालत में निकटता-सूचक शब्दों को दूरी सूचक शब्दों में नहीं बदला जाता है। जैसे–
Examples : 
Ram said, "This is my pen.
Ram said that this was his pen.
Babu said, "I am very busy now."
Babu said that he was very busy then..
She said to me that, "He lived here."
She told me he had lived there.
He said to me "I will come here tomorrow."
He told me he would go there the next day.
Father says, "I like these followers."
Father said that he likes those followers
Sita said to Gita, "I danced yesterday."
Sita told Gita that she had danced the previous day.
He said, "I will not play today."
He told me that he wouldn't play that day.
She said, "I cannot do it now."
She told me that she couldn't do it then.
My friend said to me, "I like this house"
My friend told that he liked that house.
She said to me, "I am reading a book now".
She told me that she was reading a book then
He said to me, "Your brother drank last night."
He told me that my brother had drunk the previous night.
The man said, "I saw him two days ago."
The man told me that he had seen him two days before.
Virat said, "I will not play tomorrow."
Virat told me that he wouldn't play the next day.
Rohit said, "I will not come here again.
Rohini told me that he wouldn't go there again
My father said to me, "Were you tired yesterday?
My father asked me if I was tired the previous day.
My mother said to me, "What will you do tomorrow?
My mother asked me what I would do the next day.
Direct
Indirect
Direct
Indirect
Direct
Indirect
Direct
Indirect
Direct
Indirect
Direct
Indirect
Direct
Indirect
Direct
Indirect
Direct
Indirect
Direct
Indirect
Direct
Indirect
Direct
Indirect
Direct
Indirect
Direct
Indirect
Direct
Indirect
Direct
Indirect



 (II) Special Rules:
We have understood the general rules for converting direct speech to indirect speech.
Now we will especially focus on the rule of converting sentences into indirect speech according to the types of sentences. Sentences are divided into 5 parts for the purpose of converting from Direct to Indirect.
Assertive Sentences
Interrogative Sentences.
Imperative Sentences
Exclamatory Sentences.
Optative Sentences.
Assertive or Declarative Sentences
Indirect Narrative में Sentence की बनाबट होती है–
Subject + say + that + clause
Or
Subject + tell + object + that + clause

Rules
'Assertive' word Assert से बना है जिसका अर्थ है 'दृढ़तापूर्वक'
आथवा निश्चय पूर्वक स्वीकार करना। ऐसे sentences की Direct speech को Indirect Speech बनाते समय निम्न changes किये जाते है—
(I) 'that का addition ; Reported Speech के तुरंत बाद use किये गए Inverted Commas के स्थान पर 'That' connective का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
Examples: 
(Direct) : He said, "I'm not well.
(Indirect) : He said that he was well.
(Direct) :  I said, " Boys are very clever.
           (Indirect): I said that Boys were  very clever.



(2) Reported Verb में परिवर्तन:
यदि Reported Verb में 'say' या 'Said' के बाद कोई Noun या 'Personal Pronoun' Object के रूप में use किया जाता है तो 'say'  tell में तथा 'said' 'told' में change हो जाता है।
(यहां ध्यान देने योग्य तथ्य यह है कि tell एक Transitive Verb है। इसीलिए इसके तुरंत बाद ही Object आना चाहिए जैसे–
He told me…..परन्तु direct speech में say, says, said आदि और object के मध्य 'to' का प्रयोग होता है।
Example:
Direct   : He said to me, "You cannot swim."
Indirect: He told me that I couldn't swim.      (√)
             He said to me that I couldn't swim. (X)

Assertive sentences में  Indirect Speech बनाते समय कुछ अन्य Reported Verbs का use किया जा सकता है बेशक वे sentence Imperative (आज्ञासूचक) न हों; 
यह बात इस बात पर निर्भर करता है कि क्या speech एक reply है या कुछ और है। 
इसके लिए हम
Add
Affirm
Assert
Assure
Complaint
Confess
Declare
Inform
Observed
Order
Promise
Protest
Remark
Explain
Remind
State
Threaten
Warn 
जोड़ें
वाणी
ज़ोर
आश्वासन
शिकायत
अपराध स्वीकार करना
 प्रचार
 बताना
 देखा
आदेश
 वायदा
 विरोध करना
 टिप्पणी
 समझाना
 याद दिलाना
 राज्य
धमकी देना
चेतावनी देना






He would Support you
Mahesh had Beaten him
He was Guilty


His friend had Come to week before
The climate of Agra was Comparative dry
To enter his office without Permission
He would trouble mahesh no more


Man was as Cunning as a fox




Man entering the house of his neighbour.


It was Not safe to travel by night

आदि (जो suitable हो) में से किसी एक का use करते हैं।
Examples: 
Direct.    : He said to me, "My friend came a week ago.
Indirect. : He informed me that his friend had come a week ago.
Direct.    : He said, "The climate of Agra is comparatively dry."
Indirect. : He observed that the climate of Agra was comparatively dry.
Direct.   : He said, "I will trouble Mahesh no more."
Indirect : He promised that he would trouble Mahesh no more.
Direct.  : He said, "This man is as cunning as a fox."
Indirect : He remarked that man was as cunning as a fox.
Direct.   : They said to me, "It is not safe to travel by night."
Indirect: They warned me that it was not safe to travel by night.
Direct.  : The witness said, "I saw this man entering the house of mt neighbour."
Indirect : The witness stated that he had seen that man entering the house of his neighbour.
Direct.  : My friend said to me, "I shall support you."
Indirect  : My friend assured me that he would support md
Direct.  : The accused said, "I am guilty."
Indirect.  : The accused confessed that he was guilty.
Direct.  : The Principal said, "No one  is to enter my office without permission
Indirect  : The Principal ordered that no one was to enter his office without permission
Direct. : The boy said to the teacher, " Mahesh has beaten me."
Indirect: The boy complaint to the teacher that Mahesh had beaten him.

(3) Reporting Object का addition : 
यदि Reporting Speech में कोई Object नही दिया गया है,
पर Reported Speech (inverted Comma के अंदर को Speech से साफ indicate होता है तो
Indirect बनाते टाइम उसे Reported Speech में add कर किया जाता है।
Examples:
Direct : She said, "I am waiting for you."
Indirect : She told me that she was waiting for me.
Direct : Geeta said, "Radha,You can play now."
Indirect: Geeta told Radha that she could play then.

(4) Reported Speech में परिवर्तन:
(a) जैसा कि हम पहले भी पढ़ चुके हैं, Sentence को Indirect बनाते समय 
Verb, Tense, Pronoun, Noun, आदि change होते हैं।
पर Reporting Verb का Personal Pronoun कभी नहीं बदलता,
केवल Reported Speech के Pronoun ही बदलते हैं।
Examples:
Direct; I said to her, " Your brother has cheated me."
Indirect : I told her that your brother had cheated me.
Direct: My friend said to his son, "I can't teach you,"
Indirect: My friend told his son that he couldn't reach him.

(b) Reported Speech में दिया गया (Sir) वर्फ़ "Reporting Verb" में 'Rezpectfully" लगाकर बदला जा सकता है।
Examples:
Direct: The boy said to the teacher, "Sir, I couldn't come because my father wss unwell."
Indirect: The boy told the teacher respectfully that he could be not because his father was unwell.
Direct : The advocate said to the magistrate, "Sir, the accused is not guilty."
Indirect:The advocate plead  to the magistrate with due to respectfully that the accused wad not guilty.

(c,) Reported Speech में दिए गए (Yes) or (No) शब्दों को Reporting Speech में क्रमश (replied in affirmative),;(replied in positive) or (replied in negative) शब्दों द्वारा बदला जा सकता है।
Examples:
Direct: The student said to the teacher, "Yes sir, I didn't come yesterday."
Indirect: The student told respectfully teacher in the affirmative that he hadn't come last day, (previous day)
Direct : The girl said, "Yes, I can come tomorrow."
Indirect :The girl replied in the affirmative positive that she could come next day. 
Direct: The girl said, "No, I can't read."
Indirect: The girl replied in the negative that she couldn't read.
Direct: The boy said, "No, I didn't do it."
Indirect: The boy replied in the negative that he hadn't done it.

(d) Reported Speech के (sorry) को Reporting Speech में (expressed regret saying) या (Regretted and said) द्वारा replace किया जाता है।
Examples:
Direct: He said, "I am sorry, I am late."
Indirect: He expressed regrets saying that he was late.
                                             Or
Indirect: He regreted and said that he was late.
Direct: The boy said to the teacher, "I am sorry, I couldn't do my homework."
Indirect: The boy expressed regretted to his respectfully teacher saying  that he hadn't been able to do his homework.



NOTE
1, यदि (inverted Comma) के भीतर Term of Addres (संबोधन के शब्द) आएं तो उन्हें Object में बदल दें या उन्हें Adress .as के बाद रखें Ex.
The teacher said, "Ram, I am pleased with you."
The teacher told Ram that he was pleased with him.
The leader said, "Ladies & Gentlemen, I should think you all."
The leader told Ladies & Gentlemen that he should be thought them all.
ऐसे वाक्यो को परिवर्तन इस प्रकार न करें।–
The teacher said, "Ram, I am pleased with you."
The teacher said that Ram, he was pleased with him.(X)
2. यदि Inverted Comma के अंदर (O, well, you, see आदि प्रकार के शब्द संबोधन के लिए प्रयोग किया जाए तो सबसे आसान तरीका यह है कि हम उन्हें उड़ा दें अर्थात बिल्कुल ही छोड़ दें। जैसे–
Direct: The teacher said, "Well Mohan, I shall punish you."
Indirect: The teacher told mohan that he would punish him.

3. यदि Inverted Commas कर अंदर स्वागत या विदाई (Welcome or Farewell) जैसे–
Good Morning, Good Night आदि प्रकार के शब्द आएं , तो Idiom के अनुसार इनके पहले  (Bid) या (Wish) जोड़कर इन्हें Reporting Verb से पहले रख देना चाहिए।, ' that' के बाद नही जैसे–


Direct: My friend said to me, "Good Morning! I'm happy to see you."
Indirect: My friend wished me good morning and said that he was happy to see me.

(4) यदि Inverted Commas के बीच एक से अधिक Assertive Sentence रहें तो 
उन्हें (and) से जोड़ देना चाहिए। या (Further added) आदि का प्रयोग कर सभी वाक्यों को मिला देने चाहिए।
क्योंकि बार बार (say) या (tell) का प्रयोग करने पर वाक्य लंबा व भद्दा हो जाता है। जैसे–
Direct: The king said, "it is enough, My mother is yet alive. I will go and see her before I die."
Indirect: The king said that it was enough; His mother was yet alive; he would go and see her before she died
यहां Inverted कमस के अंदर तीन वाक्य हैं, जो Assertive हैं और इसलिए Indirect Narration में तीनों ही को एक वाक्य बना दिया गया है। 
यही कारण है कि यहां (and) का प्रयोग हुआ है। यहां indirect Form इस प्रकार भी हो सकता है।
Indirect: The king said that it was enough and that his mother was yet alive. He further added that he would go and see her before he died.




(B) interrogative Sentences (Questions)

Indirect Narration में Sentence का एक structure होता है।


Subject + Ask + Object + if/Whether + Clause [Assertive]
OR
Subject + Ask + Object + 
Examples :



 +clause [Assertive]

Interrogative Sentences दो प्रकार के होते हैं–
(1) Yes/No Answer Type Sentences.
ऐसे sentences, Helping Verb (is/am/are/was/were/will/shall/has/have/had/do/does/did/may/could आदि से शुरू होते हैं।
Examples:
"Are you sleeping?"
"Will you go to school?"
"Have your friends seen the music?"

(2) Wh type Sentences :
Examples:
Who, Whom, Whose, Which, (Interrogative Pronouns) या
When, Where, Why, How (interrogative adverb) से शुरू होते हैं।
Who are you?, 
When will she go?

Interrogative sentences को indirect बनाते समय  following changes होते हैं–
(1), Reporting Verb में परिवर्तन।
(2)  Connective का Addition
(3)  शब्द क्रम में परिवर्तन
(4) Reported speech कर Tense या Pronoun में परिवर्तन

(1), Reporting Verb में परिवर्तन : 
Reporting Verb  (say/said आदि)
Ask/asked, enquire of/wonder/wondered, demand/demanded आदि में change हो जाती है।
Examples :
Direct: He said, "Where are you going?"
Indirect: He asked where I was going.
Direct: He said, "Shall I ever forget her?"
Indirect: He wondered if/whether he would ever forget her.
Direct: He said to the station master, "Is the train late?"
Indirect: He enquired of the station master if the train was late.

(2) Connective का Addition :
(a). Helping या Auxiliary Verb (e.g., Id, am are आदि से शुरू होने वाले interrogative Sentences की Indirect speech में (If) या (Whether) का प्रयोग connective के रूप में होता है।
Examples:
Direct; He said, 'Shall I open the window?"
Indirect: He asked if he would open the window. (√)
He asked that if he would open the window.(X)

(b) यदि Question एक Interrogative Pronoun (e.g., Who, Why, How आदि) से शुरू होता है तो (if) या (Whether) के स्थान पर वही शब्द (Joining Word) या (Connective) बन जाता है।
किसी अन्य Conjunction या Connective का use नहीं होता।
Direct : He said, "Why are you so said?"
Indirect: He asked me why I was so sad. (√)
 He asked me that why I was so sad. (X)
 He asked me whether I was so sad. (X)

(3) शब्द क्रम में परिवर्तन:
Indirect बनाते समय [Rule (a) और (b)] दोनों case में  "Question form, "Assertive form में change हो जाती है तथा Question Mark (?) के स्थान पर 'Full Stop' लगाया जाता है।
Subject को Verb से पहले लगाया जाता है।
The subject is put before the verb.
Question form —-----> Verb + Subject
Assertive form —-----> Subject + Verb

(4) Tense और Pronoun में change
(a)  (a) As before: It has been explained that in Reported Speech the Tense will change according to the Tense of the Reported Verb and the Pronoun will change according to its Subject & Object.
Examples:
Direct : She said to Ram, "Will you accompany me?"
Indirect: She asked Ram if you would accompany her.
Direct : The beggar said to the lady, "When will you cook food for me?"
indirect: The beggar asked the lady when she would cook food for him.

(b) If the question is not in 'negative form' and starts with (Do) or (Does) then Verb in Indirect Speech is changed to Past Indefinite Tense.
Examples :
Direct: He said, "Do you write a letter?"
Indirect: He asked me if I wrote a letter.
Direct: He said to me, 'Does he go to school?"
Indirect: He asked me if he went to school.

© Do/Does + not अपनी Indirect Speech में Did not + verb की original form में change होता है
Examples: 
Direct: He said, "Does he not study?"
Indirect: He asked if/whether he did not study.
Direct: They said, "Do we not abuse him?"
Indirect: They Asked if they did not abuse him.

 (d) If the question starts with '(did), the verb of indirect sentence is changed to 'Past Perfect Tense.


Examples:
Direct: He said, "Did you write a letter?"
Indirect: He asked me if I had written a letter.
Direct: They said to me, "Did you attend the class?"
Indirect: They asked me I had attended the class. (√)
Indirect:They asked me I attended the class.(X)



Interrogatives--Question--Tags : Sometimes, Question-tegs is used under inverted commas. As Interrogatives change include rules of Indirect–
(1), Leave Assertive Sentence (Statement)
(2) Change Question-Tegs including general rules. But question Tags must give complete sentence.
Examples:
Direct: He told me, "You are rich, aren't you?"
Indirect: He told me, "Aren't you rich?"
Direct: She told me, "You like fish, don't you?"
Indirect: She told me,"Don't you like fish?"

Let's see, change these sentences–
Direct: Ram told me, "You are rich, aren't you?"
Indirect: Ram told me, " Aren't you rich?" (√)
Indirect: Ram told me if I was rich. (√)
Direct: Mohan told me, "You like fish, don't you?"
Indirect: Mohan told me if I was liked fish.



NOTE : Assertive sentence has been left and question has been replaced into indirect.
It also sees question tags replaced into indirect ones. To give the form of a complete sentence.
Interrogatives-Shall I? Sentences are used. It has two meaning.
(1), Sense of Future Tense
(2) Since of Request.
When it means comes (Shall I?) in Future Tense then it has been "Shall I? With Indirect; on He/She//Would
But Shall I? With request is expressed sense than 'Shall I? हो जाता है– he/she should
Examples:
He told me, "Shall I pass?"
He asked me if I would pass. (Future)
She told me, " Shall I go to the picture?"
She asked me if she should go to the picture.   (Request)
He told me, "Shall I open the door?"
He asked me if he should open the door.    (Request)



NOTE :
(1), When changing an Interrogative sentence to Indirect, do not forget to use that.  This happens in an assertive sentence, isn't it?
(2) If there are many interrogative sentences inside Inverted Commas, add them before and or use appropriate words like further, asked etc.
(3) (as to) should be used before Who, Which, What, When, Why, Where, Whether etc.  for example:
Direct: He said to me, "Are you I'll?"
Indirect: He asked me as to whether I was ill. (X)




(C.) Imperative Sentences (Request, Command, and Advice)
Structure; [Subject + Ask/Request+Object+Infinitive]

जिन वाक्यों से आदेश, निर्देश, प्रार्थना, सलाह, अथवा आज्ञा का भाव प्रकट होता है, उन्हें  imperative Sentence कहते हैं । यह आज्ञा, अथवा प्रार्थना सामने वाले व्यक्ति अर्थात You से होती है। अतः इन वाक्यों में कर्ता 'You' छिपा रहता है, निम्नलिखित उदाहरणों को ध्यान से देखो –
(Sentences that express the sense of command, instruction, prayer, advice, or command are called imperative sentences.  This command, or prayer, comes from the person in front i.e. You.  Therefore, in these sentences the subject 'You' is hidden, look carefully at the following examples –)
Examples:
The teacher said, "Stand up." (Order)
The old man said, "Please give me a glass of water." (Request)
The saint said to the people, "Be honest." (Advice)
The captain said to the boys, "Let's play the match." (Proposal)

Order and Prayers sentrances ever come from the person in front. Therefore, Imperative Sentences ever come in present tense.
In indirect speech the Reporting commands and Requests, etc.change the following–

Change in Reporting verb
Change in Informative Phrases of Imperative.
Change in Negative Imperative of Negative Infinitive.
Change the expressed word to Request and Respect.
Change of "(Let)"
Change in "(Thanks)"
Change in Reporting verb.
Reporting verb 'said to" should change according the sanse ir Reporting Speech inCommanded, Ordered, Asked, Requested, Urged, Forbade and Advised etc.
Examples: 
Direct : He said, "Go away."
Indirect: He ordered (me) to go away.
Direct: He said, "Come here."
Indirect: He asked (me) to go there.
Direct: They said, "Pay at once."
Indirect: They ordered (him) to pat at once.
Direct:He said, "Get your hair cut."
Indirect; He told (me) to get my hair cut.
Direct: He said, "Please read this letter before me."
Indirect: He requested (him) to read that letter before him.
Direct:He said, "Do not sit on my bed."
Indirect: He forbade (me) to sit on his bed. (√)
Indirect: He forbade (me) not to sit on his bed. (X)

NOTE
With verb 'forbade" "No", "Never" etc. (Negative Word not used)

As we have also seen above side's examples, Reporting Verb should add with Personal Object.
Examples:
Direct: He said, "Do it again."
Indirect: He ordered (me) to do it again.
Direct: They said, "Play the Piano."
Indirect: They asked (me/him/her/,etc.) to play Piano.

(2) Change in Infinitive Phrase of Imperative.:
Add "(to) with Infinitive before Verbs Reported Speech to show Command, Advise, Request, etc.
Examples:
Direct: The teacher said to the students, "Work hard."
Indirect: The teacher advised to students to work hard.
Direct: He said, "Leave it on the table."
Indirect: He instructed (me) to leave that on the table

(3) Change in Negative Infinitive of  Negative Imperatives:
Direct Speech's "(Do not/Don't ) will be replaced in "(not to)".
Examples: 
Direct: He said to the child, "Don't go there."
Indirect: He told the child not to go there.
Direct: He said, "Don't sit on my bed."
Indirect: He instructed (me) not to sit on his bed.

(b) As it's  before said) it "(Do not)" can be replaced through the negative words."(forbade).
And in this case Negative Words will not to be used.
Examples: 
Direct: He said, "Don't sit on my bed."
Indirect: He forbade (me) to sit on his bad.
Direct: He said to the child, "Don't go there."
Indirect: He forbade to the child to go there.

((c.) With "(Never)" starting "Direct Speech" is changed into "(never to)" in Indirect Speech.
Examples: 
Direct: His father said, "Never do this again."
Indirect:His father advised him never to do that again.
Direct: He said, "Never come to my house."
Indirect: He instructed (me) never to go to his house

(4) Change an expressed words to Request and Respect:
In Reported Speech used "(Kindly)", "(Please)","(Sir)" "(Your honour)", etc. have been Replaced into "(Requested)", "(Urged)", etc. 
Examples:
He said to the Principal, "Kindly grant me leave for two days."
He requested to the Principal to grant him leave for two days.
The speaker said, "Please listen to me."
The speaker urged to listen to him.
He said, :"Please come with me."
He urged to go with him.
The lawyer said, "Your highness, listen to me."
The lawyer urged/pleased the Judge to listen to him

More Hints on Imperative Sentences:
You will see that some Imperative Sentences start with '(Let)'. These sentences shall help these rule to replace in 'Indirect.



(5) Change the word of (Let):
Some Sentences start with Word (Let) and those are felt sense of indirect command. These are changed this way.
Structures:
[Subject+Say+That+Subject+be+Infinitive (with 'to')]
[Sub+Ordered/Command+thay+Sub+Should+ Infinitive(without 'to)]
To express, Request, Suggestion, or Command are also used the "(Let).
To say in Direct Speech (Let's ) to make the Indirect commanded, Ordered, Advised => proposed, Urged etc.suggest as like will replace and add the Conjunction 'that', remove the 'Let the 'Should' will used.
Examples:
Direct: He said to them, ''Let's go."
Indirect: He proposed to them that they should go.
Direct: He said to his friends, 'Let's go to a picnic."
Indirect: He proposed to his friends that they should go to a picnic.
Direct: He said, "Let there be no mistake." (कोई गलती न हो)
Indirect: He instructed (me) that there should be no mistake.
Direct:They said, "Let's play cricket."
Indirect:They suggested that they should play cricket.

(b) in case of 'Assumption or Supposition, to add in 'assumed' or 'Supposed 'That' or 'Should' or 'Might' will be replaced..
Examples:
Direct: He said, "Let A B be equal to C D."
Indirect: He assumed (ग्रहण) that A B might be equal to C D.
Direct: The teacher said, "Let ABC be an angle ninety."
Indirect: The teacher assumed that ABC might be an angle of ninety.

If desire is expressed by 'Let', then 'said' of Reporting Verb will be changed to 'desired' and after applying 'that', 'let' will be removed and 'might' will be used.
Examples:
Direct: The old man said, "Let me take a rest."
Indirect: The old man desired that he might take rest.
Direct: Harjit said, "Let Geeta go to play."
Indirect: Harjit desired that Geeta might be allowed to go to play.

If we make Verb Infinitive (i.e. use 'to' + verb) then 'Should' will not be used.
Examples:
Direct : He said to them, "Let us go on a picnic."
Indirect: He proposed to them 'to go' on a picnic.
Direct: He said to me, "Please, let me inform."
Indirect: He requested me to inform him.
Direct: He said, "Let both of your have a try.: 
Indirect: He suggested both of them to have a try.
(d) When 'let' is used in the sense to allow, say to/said to is changed to Order/Ordered, Request/Requested etc.  "to" is used before verb.
Examples: 
Direct: Rajat to his boss, "Let me go home."
Indirect: Rajat requested his boss to allow him to go home.
Direct: The doctor said to the peon, "Let the patient come in."
Indirect: The doctor ordered to the peon to allow the patient to come in




(e) Sometimes 'to' is also used before 'let' with objects other than First Person (us, me) or Third Person (him, her, them).  This happens in the case when giving advice to someone before 'let'.  Have a sense of persuading or commanding.
Examples:
Direct: He said to me, "Let the old man go."
Indirect: He advised me to let the old man go.
Direct: The Principal said to teacher, 'Let this boy attend your class."
Indirect: The Principal ordered the teacher to let that boy attend his class.

Exception: (अपवाद) यदि Reporting Verb में Shouted हो तो उसे जहां का तहां रखते हैं।

(f) Before :Let, Do not => Not to
Examples;
Direct: He said, "Do not let the child run."
Indirect: He advised (me) not to let the child run.
Direct: He said to her, "Do not let the fire go out."
Indirect: He advised to her not to let the fire go out.

(g) If 'It' is used with 'Let' and Sentence we -
If you feel Joy (Happiness), Sorrow (Sad), Permission (Command), etc., in Indirect Speech, we will change it like this-
Example:
Direct: Lata said, "Let it rain. I must enjoy."
Indirect: Lata said that she didn't care for rain; she had to enjoy.

यहां के कहने का भाव है कि बारिश होती है तो होने दो,
उसे बारिश की कोई परवाह नहीं, उसे तो enjoy करना है।

(h) Another point to be noted in the context of 'Let' is that some 'let' sentences give a sense of 'even if' (even if) (Concession though).
Examples:
Direct: Rahul said, "Let it rain even so hard, I will go today."
Indirect: Rahul said that even if it rained hard he would go that day.



NOTE:
1, leave the reporting verb as it is,
Change the inverted commas to that and 'let' to 'even it's and
Omit 'Ever so'.(अत्यधिक)



NOTE: 
If there is no Object afte wer Suggest and Propose, then V4 (V+ing) is also used directly after them, like-
1, Direct: She said, "Let's go for a walk."
Indirect: She suggested going for a walk.

अर्थात
[Subject + Propose/suggest + to + object + that + Subject + should + V1 +....]
"You proposed/suggest to your friends that you should go for a walk in the morning."
Direct: Ram said to me, "Let us sing together."
Indirect: Ram proposed (me) that we should sing together.

[Subject + proposed/suggest + V4(ing) + ……
"You proposed/suggested going for a walk in the morning."

2, Proposed/suggest + to+V1 is not used.
Hence "He proposed to me to go home."  It would be wrong to say
Instead of "He Proposed to me that we should go home."  Will happen.
Generally, there is a sense of proposal in the sentences with "let", in which 'us' comes after 'let'.



(D) Exclamatory Sentences (Exclamation)
इन्हें विस्मयबोधक वाक्य भी कहा जाता है।
ऐसे वाक्यों में किसी तीव्र आवेग (Intense emotion) का अचानक विस्फोट होता है।
Exclaim का अर्थ है 'चिल्लाना'। यह अपने आप मे किसी भाव को प्रकट नहीं करता है।
जो भाव होता है उसी को प्रकट करने वाला शब्द Exclaim के साथ जोड़ दिया जाता है।
Example:
Direct: The old man cried, 'Alas ! I'm ruined."
Indirect: The oldman exclaimed with grief that he was ruined.

इन वाक्यों को परिवर्तित करने का नियम निम्नलिखित है-/
(1), Reporting Verb में परिवर्तन।
(2). Exclamatory words में परिवर्तन।
(3). Conjunction 'that' का प्रयोग
(4). शब्द क्रम (word-order) में परिवर्तन।
(5). 'How' and 'What' में परिवर्तन।
(1), Reporting Verb में परिवर्तन :
Reporting Verb को exclaim with Joy/ Sorrow/Surprise/Anger/ Contempt (अवमानना)/Applause (वाहवाही) आदि प्रकार के शब्दों में, Reported Speech के अर्थ अनुसार बदलना।
Examples :
Direct: He said, "Alas! I'm ruined."
Indirect: He exclaimed sadly (with sorrow) that he was ruined.
Direct: He said, "How beautiful you look!"
Indirect: He applauded (exclaimed) (me) in astonishment (विस्मय) that I'm looked very beautiful.

(2), Exclamatory words में परिवर्तन
Bravo, Alas, Hurrah, आदि  Interjection हट जाते हैं।
उनके द्वारा अभिव्यक्त भाव adverb या adverb clause के द्वारा Principal (main) clause में indicate हो जाते हैं।
जैसे–Joyfully (with joy), Surprisingly (in surprise/in astonishment) आदि।
NOTE: 
Hark ! Hush ! Lo ! => ये attention (ध्यान) अभिव्यक्त करते हैं।
Oh ! surprise अभिव्यक्त करता है।
Pooh ! Contempt (अवमानना) अभिव्यक्त करता है

(3) 'that' Conjunction का प्रयोग।
Examples:
Direct: He said "What a fine chance!"
Indirect: He exclaimed with joy that it was a very fin chance.
Direct: She said, "What a piece of work is man!"
Indirect: She exclaimed in astonishment that man is a very wonderful piece of work..

(4) शब्द-क्रम (word+order) में परिवर्तन : Speech को indirect बनाते समय 'Exclamatory Sentences' शब्द-क्रम बदलने से 'Assertive sentences' में change हो जाते हैं। अर्थात Exclaimatory Sentences' को Assertive में बदल दें।
Examples: 
I. Direct: He said, "What a wonderful creature man is!"
II. Indirect: He exclaimed in astonishment that man is a very wonderful creature.
Direct: He said, "How sweet these flowers are.!"
Indirect: He exclaimed with wonder that these flowers were very sweet.

(5) यदि Reported Speech 'How' से शुरू होती है और उसके तुरन्त बाद कोई adjective आता है तो 'How Very' में change हो जाता है।
इसी प्रकार  'What' =>'Very' , 'much या 'great' में change हो जाता है।
Examples: 
Direct: He said, "How clever she is!"
Indirect: He exclaimed in surprise that she was very clever.
Direct: He said, What is a fool I am!"
indirect: He exclaimed with regret that he was a great fool.

NOTE
(A) यदि Exclaimatory sentences अधूरे हों तो Verb तथा अन्य शब्द जोड़कर उन्हें पूरा कर दें तब उन्हें Inindicate में बदलें।
Examples:
1, He said, "What a fall!"
– He said,"What a fall it was/is!"
– He exclaimed with sorrow that it was a big fall.
2 I said, "Oh, enough,"
– i said, "Oh, it is enough!"
– I exclaimed with disgust that it was enough.
3. She said, "Nonsense."
–  She said, "It is nonsense,"
– She exclaimed that it was nonsense.233

(B) कुछ ऐसे अधूरे वाक्यों का परिवर्तन इस प्रकार करना चाहिए:
Change some as incomplete sentences should do this way:
Rule 1. Reporting Verb को एक उपयुक्त Transitive verb बदल दें।
Rule 2. Reported Speech के दो शब्दों को Object का रूप दें दे।
इन वाक्यों के परिवर्तन को देखें—
Examples :
He told me, "Fool ! Liar !"
He called me a fool and liar.
He said to me, "Thank you."
He thanked me.
He told me, "Good morning. !"
He wished me a happy Diwali.
He told me, "Congratulation.!"
He congratulated me

(C.) Inverted Commas के भीतर आने वाले संबोधित शब्दों को that से पहले रखें।
जैसे कि  Assertive sentences  के सम्बंध में बताया गया है। 
ध्यान दें कि सम्बोधन या विस्मयदिबोधित शब्द that के बाद कभी भी नहीं आ सकते
वे या तो उड़ा दिए या उनके अर्थ अनुसार  that के पहले  वैसे शब्दों का प्रयोग होता है ।
जिनसे उन शब्दों का अर्थ स्पष्ट हो जाए।

(E) Optative Sentences (Wishes)
इस प्रकार के वाक्यों में इच्छा  या भगवान से प्रार्थना व्यक्त की जाती है।
ये वाक्य प्रायः May Farewell, 'Good Night' , 'Good Morning', आदि से प्रारम्भ होते है।
Reporting Verb को Reporting Speech के भाव के अनुसार  wished, cursed, prayed आदि  शब्दों का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
शेष परिवर्तन Assertive Sentences की ही भांति  होता है।
इस प्रकार के वाक्यों का Mark of Exclamation हटाकर Full Stop (.) का प्रयोग होता है।
Examples: 
Direct: He said to me, "May you live long."
Indirect: He wished that I might live long.
Direct: Mohan said, "May God help you."
Indirect: Mohan wished that God might help me.

Good morning, Good bye, Good Night आदि शब्दों के आने पर 
Reporting Verb में 'bade'  का प्रयोग करते हैं।
Direct: He said to me, "Good Morning, I shall see you tomorrow."
Indirect: He bade me good morning and said that he would see me the next day.

इस प्रकार के वाक्यों को Indirect speech में  नियम अनुसार बदलने वाले point change किये जाते हैं–
Reported Verb में परिवर्तन
'Words' जैसे 'May' आदि में परिवर्तन।
Conjunction जैसे 'that' का प्रयोग।
शब्द क्रम  (word order) में परिवर्तन।
1). Reported Verb में परिवर्तन: 'Said' आदि Reporting Verb 'Pray'  या 'Wish' में चेंज हो जाती है।
Reporting Verb (Said आदि) applauded in joy, cry exclaimed & Blessed आदि शब्दों में change हो जाती है।
Examples: 
Direct: His mother said,"May you live long."
Indirect: His mother wished that he might live long.
Direct: They said to me, "May God help you."
Indirect: They prayed that God might help me.

ऊपर दिए गए उद्धरणों से शेष नियम भी स्पष्ट हो जाते हैं।
2. (a) 'May' शब्द के साथ शुरू होने वाली Reporting Speech 'Might' में change हो जाती है।
   (b) 'Reported Speech को Reporting स्पीच के साथ 'That'  (Conjunction)के साथ जोड़ा जाता है।
  © Indirect Speech में शब्द क्रम Simple assertive की भांति हो जाता है।
(3) कहीं कहीं May/Might का use नहीं किया जाता ।
उस case में wishes/cursed/prayed आदि रिपोर्टिंग वर्ब का use करते हुए 'to'  का use connective के तौर पर किया जाता है।
Examples: 
Direct:    She said, "God bless you, my son. !"
Indirect: She prayed God  to bless her son
Direct:.  The crowd shouted, " Long live our Prime Minister. !"
Indirect:.The crowd shouted and wished God to give long life to their Prime Minister.

Note
यदि optative sentence में may का प्रयोग नहीं है ,तो उसे (may को) वाक्य के आरम्भ में जोड़ देना चाहिए।
Examples: 
God save the king = May God save the king!
A plague spit you = May a plague spit you!




EXERCISE  16.1 (234)