Narration

V1 /V2 /-  V2 

Do dos /did  To - did

Is am are To was were+ was-were

 Has have V3 To +had V3

V2/ V3 - To Had V3

Did/ had V3 To Had V3

Had V3 To Had V3+Had V3

Hd V3 /Hd V3+Had V3

Was wére /Hd been+Had been

Will Shall /would+would

Can /Could+Could

May /Might +Might

(My boss ordered to me

Prayed that 

May you pass the interview 

How tragic the situation 

Exclimed with sorrow 

I miss you chance

Exclaimed with applause

exclimed with wonder)

Direct Indirect

May you have earn lot of money

He prey that of might earn lot of money 

V1।    =>    V2 (Present)

Do/Does     =>     Did

Is/Am/Are =>     Was/Were

Has/Have    =>    Had+3

V2    =>   V3 (Past)

Did     =>     Had+V3

Had     =>     Had+V3

Was/Were    =>     Had+been

V3।    => (Future Present)  =>  Future Past

Will/Shall  =>   Would

Can    =>    Could

May     =>    Might

16. Narration 

Narration means, 'Statement' We express the statement of a speaker in two ways.

(I) Direct Speech. (II) Indirect Speech. 

(I) Direct Speech:- 

When the speaker's words or words are presented as they are, it is called Direct Speech.  

This 1statement is written in 'inverted commas'.

Example: 

Ram said to him,"I am reading a book."

(II) Indirect Speech:

When the speaker's words are not said as they are, his feelings are presented.  That indirect statement is called indirect speech.  This statement is not written in inverted commas.

Direct Search is divided into the following parts:-

Reporting clause: [Subject + Reporting Verb + Preposition and Object] 

(i.e. the part outside "inverted commas") together form the Reporting Clause.

Example : 

Ram (Subject) said (verb) to (Preposition) him (Object)

Generally: Reporting Clause is written at the beginning of the sentence, but it is not necessary that in Direct Speech, the use of Reporting Clause should be at the beginning of the sentence --- it can be written anywhere, at the beginning, in the middle or at the end.

Example: 

He said to me, " I like you.The reason behind it is  that you always take care of me."

In this sentence, the reporting clause is in the beginning, we can also write it like this.

"I like you. The reason behind this is that you always take care to me."  Ram said to me.  

And we can also write in the middle of the Reporting Clause in such a way that there is no difference in its meaning or intent.

Example: 

"I like you." He said to me, "The reason behind this is that you always take care to me."

It is not compulsory that every reporting clause has an object.  Sometimes the position of Subject + Verb, ie He/Ram/You/ said etc. can also be there.

Reporting Verb : Reporting Clause ke verb को Reporting Been कहा जाता है। Ram said (Reporting Verb) to me

Reporting Speech

Inside parts of 'Inverted Commas' 

"I am reading a book". Called 'Reported Speech'. Verb of that sentence is called 'Verb of Reported Speech'

Ram said to me,(Reporting Verb => Reporting Speech) "I am reading a book."(Verb of Reported Speech=>Reported Speech)  Removing Inverted Commas Reported Speech, Indirect Speech is formed when Tense, Personal Pronoun, Conjunction and other important changes are made.

If we translate the above example into Indirect Speech

If you do, then the following sentence will be formed.

Ram told him that he was reading a book.

To be continued..

Rules of Change Narrations

In Narration, we are concerned with the meaning of the sentence and not by its structure.

In terms of structure or structure, they are really simple, compound, complex, or mix.

This is the subject of analysis.

Meaningful Sentences:

Assertive, Imperative, Interrogative, Otative and

Exclamatory होते हैं।

Direct Speech से Indirect Speech into changing rules:

(I) General Rules

(II) Special Rules

(I) General Rules:

General Rules are called these rules which are applied with each sentences.

Change of Tense

Change of Person

Change of other part of Speech.

(1,) Change of Tense:

If the Reporting Verb has in Present Tense or Future Tense, Reported Speech or Tense won't change

Example:

Direct: He says,"Ram is ill."

Indirect: He says that Ram is I'll.

Direct: Naresh will say,"Girls are very clever."

Indirect: Naresh will say that girls are very clever.

NOTE:-

Direct Narration में Inverted commas को Indirect नर्राश्म में से हटा कर वाक्य के अनुसार Cunjunction का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

Dr. She says, "I am ready."

In. She says that she is ready.

यदि Reported verb past tense में है तो Direct speech का Present tense, Past tense में परिवर्तित होगा।

Example:

 Direct: He said, "Ram is ill."

Indirect: He said that he was ill.

Direct: Ram said to me, "Some girls are cheating."

Indirect:. Ram told me that some girls were cheating.

यदि परम्भिक क्रिया (Introductory Verb) Past Tense में हो,

तो Reported Speech के नियमों के अनुसार बदला जाता है।

Present Simple

Present Continuous

Present Perfect

Past Simple

Present Perfect Continuous.

Future

Future Continuous

To Past Simple

To Past Continuous

To Past Perfect

To Past Perfect.

To Past Perfect Continuous

To Probable Conditional

To Probable Conditional

Example:

Direct: He said, "Nambiar works hard."

Indirect: He said that Nambiar worked hard.

D. He said, " Nambiar is working hard."

Indirect: He said that Nambiar was working hard.

Direct: He said, "Nambiar has worked hard."

Indirect: He said that Nambiar had worked.

Direct: He said, "Nambiar worked hard."

Indirect: He said that Nambiar had worked hard.

Direct: He said, "Nambiar has been working hard."

Indirect: He said that Nambar had been working hard.

Direct: He said, "Nambiar will work hard."

Indirect: He said that Nambiar would work hard.

Direct: He said, "Nambiar will be working hard."

Indirect: He said that Nambiar would be working hard.

Note:

1. Reported Speech का Past Perfact और Past Perfect Continuous ज्यों के त्यों (As It is) रहते हैं।

2, यदि Reported Speech के भीतर कोई ऐसा कथन हो जिससे 'आदत' 'चिरन्तन सत्य' या 'सिद्धान्त (Habitual, Universal Truth या Principle का sense हो तो Reporting Verb का tense नहीं बदला जाता है, जैसे:

The teacher said, "The earth is round." 

The teacher said that the earth is round.

He said, "Honesty is the best policy.

He said that honesty is the best policy.

The prachar said, "Man proposes and God disposes."

The preacher said that manpropses and God disposes.

Inverted commas के भीतर जो Proverbs & Idioms (मुहावरे या लोकोकितयां) हैं उसमें भी Universal Truth का बोध होता है और इसीलिए वाक्यों के verbs के भी tense नहीं बदलते।

Example:

Dr. He remarked,"A bad carpenter quarrels with his tools.

In. He remarked that a bad carpenter quarrels with his tools.

"एक घटिया बढ़ई अपने औजारों से झगड़ता है।"

Dr. I said," Birds of a feather flock together."

In. I said that birds of a feather flock together.

"समान प्रवृत्ति के व्यक्ति इकट्ठे रहते हैं।"

कभी कभी Reported Speech में "must" का प्रयोग होता है ।

ऐसे में must को साधारण्तः has/have to+ Verb में बदल देना चाहिए।

Example:

Dr. He said, "Students must respect teachers."

In. He said that Students have to respect teachers

(2) Change of Person

Direct Narration को Indirect Narration में change करने के लिए inverted commasके अंदर  अर्थात Reported Speech में प्रयुक्त Ist, IInd, IIIrd Person के Pronouns को SON के नियम के अनुसार बदला जा सकता है।

Subject

Object

No Change

1st Person

2nd Person

3rd Person

अर्थात I Person Subject के अनुसार (Reporting Verb के)

IInd Person Subject के अनुसार (Reporting Verb के)

IIIrd Person Subject No Change1

Example:

Direct: She said to me, "I'm right but you are wrong."

Indirect: She told me that She was righ but I was wrong.

'1' First Person है जो Subject 'She' के अनुसार  बदलकर 'she' हो गया है तथा 'you' Second Person है जो Object 'me'के अनुसार बदल कर 'I' हो गया है।

Examples:

D: You said to me, "He is handsome."

I:  You told me that he was handsome.

'He' Third Person है अतः इसमें कोई change नहीं किया गया है।

यदि Universal Truth के लिए  'we' का प्रयोग हो तो indirect narration में नहीं बदला जा सकता है।

Examples:

Direct: They said, "We cannot live without air."

Indirect: They said that we cannot live without air.

In this Sentence 'we' ,were not changed  because use of this for Universal Through.

If any Magazine , News Paper etc. these are used for me  we, our, us. Then changed in  'it, its' and  it in Indian Narration.

Examples :

D: The Times of India say, " We are trying our best to keep you well informed.

I: The Times of India says that it is trying its best to keep you well informed."

If 'we' and 'our' have been changed in 'it' It's,  

If in the 'Reporting Verb' not used 'Object' and in the 'Reported Speech used 'you' then it 'you' is changed into Third Person or First Person

Examples: 

Direct: She said, "You are guilty."

Indirect: She said that he was guilty.

Direct: He said, "You are all guilty.

Indirect: He said that they were all guilty.

Direct: He said, "You are guilty.

Indirect: He said that I was guilty.

Direct: He said, "You are all guilty."

Indirect:He said that we were all guilty.

(3) Change of Other Parts of Speech.:

When Reporting speech lives in Past Tense then it has changed not only verb of change but also Reported Speech (inside of inverted commas) of how much Expressing nearness) Adjectives, adverbs, and Verbs live there.

They all of expressing distance are changed in words.

This

Into

That

These

Into

Those

Here

Into

There

Now

Into

Then

Thus

Into

So

Come

Into

Go

Tomorrow

Into

Next day

Yesterday

Into

The Previous Day

Last Night

Into

The Previous Night

Next Week/Years

Into

The Following week/Year

Hence

Into

Thence

Today

IntoI

That day

A year, etc, ago

Into

A year before

NOTE

इस सम्बंध में यह बात ध्यान देने योग्य है यदि Reported Speech में प्रयोग किये गए Adjective या Adverb से ऐसा मालूम पड़े कि वह चीजें वक्ता के साथ या सामने है तो उस हालत में निकटता-सूचक शब्दों को दूरी सूचक शब्दों में नहीं बदला जाता है। जैसे–

Examples : 

Ram said, "This is my pen.

Ram said that this was his pen.

Babu said, "I am very busy now."

Babu said that he was very busy then..

She said to me that, "He lived here."

She told me he had lived there.

He said to me "I will come here tomorrow."

He told me he would go there the next day.

Father says, "I like these followers."

Father said that he likes those followers

Sita said to Gita, "I danced yesterday."

Sita told Gita that she had danced the previous day.

He said, "I will not play today."

He told me that he wouldn't play that day.

She said, "I cannot do it now."

She told me that she couldn't do it then.

My friend said to me, "I like this house"

My friend told that he liked that house.

She said to me, "I am reading a book now".

She told me that she was reading a book then

He said to me, "Your brother drank last night."

He told me that my brother had drunk the previous night.

The man said, "I saw him two days ago."

The man told me that he had seen him two days before.

Virat said, "I will not play tomorrow."

Virat told me that he wouldn't play the next day.

Rohit said, "I will not come here again.

Rohini told me that he wouldn't go there again

My father said to me, "Were you tired yesterday?

My father asked me if I was tired the previous day.

My mother said to me, "What will you do tomorrow?

My mother asked me what I would do the next day.

Direct

Indirect

Direct

Indirect

Direct

Indirect

Direct

Indirect

Direct

Indirect

Direct

Indirect

Direct

Indirect

Direct

Indirect

Direct

Indirect

Direct

Indirect

Direct

Indirect

Direct

Indirect

Direct

Indirect

Direct

Indirect

Direct

Indirect

Direct

Indirect

 (II) Special Rules:

We have understood the general rules for converting direct speech to indirect speech.

Now we will especially focus on the rule of converting sentences into indirect speech according to the types of sentences. Sentences are divided into 5 parts for the purpose of converting from Direct to Indirect.

Assertive Sentences

Interrogative Sentences.

Imperative Sentences

Exclamatory Sentences.

Optative Sentences.

Assertive or Declarative Sentences

Indirect Narrative में Sentence की बनाबट होती है–

Subject + say + that + clause

Or

Subject + tell + object + that + clause

Rules

'Assertive' word Assert से बना है जिसका अर्थ है 'दृढ़तापूर्वक'

आथवा निश्चय पूर्वक स्वीकार करना। ऐसे sentences की Direct speech को Indirect Speech बनाते समय निम्न changes किये जाते है—

(I) 'that का addition ; Reported Speech के तुरंत बाद use किये गए Inverted Commas के स्थान पर 'That' connective का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

Examples: 

(Direct) : He said, "I'm not well.

(Indirect) : He said that he was well.

(Direct) :  I said, " Boys are very clever.

           (Indirect): I said that Boys were  very clever.

(2) Reported Verb में परिवर्तन:

यदि Reported Verb में 'say' या 'Said' के बाद कोई Noun या 'Personal Pronoun' Object के रूप में use किया जाता है तो 'say'  tell में तथा 'said' 'told' में change हो जाता है।

(यहां ध्यान देने योग्य तथ्य यह है कि tell एक Transitive Verb है। इसीलिए इसके तुरंत बाद ही Object आना चाहिए जैसे–

He told me…..परन्तु direct speech में say, says, said आदि और object के मध्य 'to' का प्रयोग होता है।

Example:

Direct   : He said to me, "You cannot swim."

Indirect: He told me that I couldn't swim.      (√)

             He said to me that I couldn't swim. (X)

Assertive sentences में  Indirect Speech बनाते समय कुछ अन्य Reported Verbs का use किया जा सकता है बेशक वे sentence Imperative (आज्ञासूचक) न हों; 

यह बात इस बात पर निर्भर करता है कि क्या speech एक reply है या कुछ और है। 

इसके लिए हम

Add

Affirm

Assert

Assure

Complaint

Confess

Declare

Inform

Observed

Order

Promise

Protest

Remark

Explain

Remind

State

Threaten

Warn 

जोड़ें

वाणी

ज़ोर

आश्वासन

शिकायत

अपराध स्वीकार करना

 प्रचार

 बताना

 देखा

आदेश

 वायदा

 विरोध करना

 टिप्पणी

 समझाना

 याद दिलाना

 राज्य

धमकी देना

चेतावनी देना

He would Support you

Mahesh had Beaten him

He was Guilty

His friend had Come to week before

The climate of Agra was Comparative dry

To enter his office without Permission

He would trouble mahesh no more

Man was as Cunning as a fox

Man entering the house of his neighbour.

It was Not safe to travel by night

आदि (जो suitable हो) में से किसी एक का use करते हैं।

Examples: 

Direct.    : He said to me, "My friend came a week ago.

Indirect. : He informed me that his friend had come a week ago.

Direct.    : He said, "The climate of Agra is comparatively dry."

Indirect. : He observed that the climate of Agra was comparatively dry.

Direct.   : He said, "I will trouble Mahesh no more."

Indirect : He promised that he would trouble Mahesh no more.

Direct.  : He said, "This man is as cunning as a fox."

Indirect : He remarked that man was as cunning as a fox.

Direct.   : They said to me, "It is not safe to travel by night."

Indirect: They warned me that it was not safe to travel by night.

Direct.  : The witness said, "I saw this man entering the house of mt neighbour."

Indirect : The witness stated that he had seen that man entering the house of his neighbour.

Direct.  : My friend said to me, "I shall support you."

Indirect  : My friend assured me that he would support md

Direct.  : The accused said, "I am guilty."

Indirect.  : The accused confessed that he was guilty.

Direct.  : The Principal said, "No one  is to enter my office without permission

Indirect  : The Principal ordered that no one was to enter his office without permission

Direct. : The boy said to the teacher, " Mahesh has beaten me."

Indirect: The boy complaint to the teacher that Mahesh had beaten him.

(3) Reporting Object का addition : 

यदि Reporting Speech में कोई Object नही दिया गया है,

पर Reported Speech (inverted Comma के अंदर को Speech से साफ indicate होता है तो

Indirect बनाते टाइम उसे Reported Speech में add कर किया जाता है।

Examples:

Direct : She said, "I am waiting for you."

Indirect : She told me that she was waiting for me.

Direct : Geeta said, "Radha,You can play now."

Indirect: Geeta told Radha that she could play then.

(4) Reported Speech में परिवर्तन:

(a) जैसा कि हम पहले भी पढ़ चुके हैं, Sentence को Indirect बनाते समय 

Verb, Tense, Pronoun, Noun, आदि change होते हैं।

पर Reporting Verb का Personal Pronoun कभी नहीं बदलता,

केवल Reported Speech के Pronoun ही बदलते हैं।

Examples:

Direct; I said to her, " Your brother has cheated me."

Indirect : I told her that your brother had cheated me.

Direct: My friend said to his son, "I can't teach you,"

Indirect: My friend told his son that he couldn't reach him.

(b) Reported Speech में दिया गया (Sir) वर्फ़ "Reporting Verb" में 'Rezpectfully" लगाकर बदला जा सकता है।

Examples:

Direct: The boy said to the teacher, "Sir, I couldn't come because my father wss unwell."

Indirect: The boy told the teacher respectfully that he could be not because his father was unwell.

Direct : The advocate said to the magistrate, "Sir, the accused is not guilty."

Indirect:The advocate plead  to the magistrate with due to respectfully that the accused wad not guilty.

(c,) Reported Speech में दिए गए (Yes) or (No) शब्दों को Reporting Speech में क्रमश (replied in affirmative),;(replied in positive) or (replied in negative) शब्दों द्वारा बदला जा सकता है।

Examples:

Direct: The student said to the teacher, "Yes sir, I didn't come yesterday."

Indirect: The student told respectfully teacher in the affirmative that he hadn't come last day, (previous day)

Direct : The girl said, "Yes, I can come tomorrow."

Indirect :The girl replied in the affirmative positive that she could come next day. 

Direct: The girl said, "No, I can't read."

Indirect: The girl replied in the negative that she couldn't read.

Direct: The boy said, "No, I didn't do it."

Indirect: The boy replied in the negative that he hadn't done it.

(d) Reported Speech के (sorry) को Reporting Speech में (expressed regret saying) या (Regretted and said) द्वारा replace किया जाता है।

Examples:

Direct: He said, "I am sorry, I am late."

Indirect: He expressed regrets saying that he was late.

                                             Or

Indirect: He regreted and said that he was late.

Direct: The boy said to the teacher, "I am sorry, I couldn't do my homework."

Indirect: The boy expressed regretted to his respectfully teacher saying  that he hadn't been able to do his homework.

NOTE

1, यदि (inverted Comma) के भीतर Term of Addres (संबोधन के शब्द) आएं तो उन्हें Object में बदल दें या उन्हें Adress .as के बाद रखें Ex.

The teacher said, "Ram, I am pleased with you."

The teacher told Ram that he was pleased with him.

The leader said, "Ladies & Gentlemen, I should think you all."

The leader told Ladies & Gentlemen that he should be thought them all.

ऐसे वाक्यो को परिवर्तन इस प्रकार न करें।–

The teacher said, "Ram, I am pleased with you."

The teacher said that Ram, he was pleased with him.(X)

2. यदि Inverted Comma के अंदर (O, well, you, see आदि प्रकार के शब्द संबोधन के लिए प्रयोग किया जाए तो सबसे आसान तरीका यह है कि हम उन्हें उड़ा दें अर्थात बिल्कुल ही छोड़ दें। जैसे–

Direct: The teacher said, "Well Mohan, I shall punish you."

Indirect: The teacher told mohan that he would punish him.

3. यदि Inverted Commas कर अंदर स्वागत या विदाई (Welcome or Farewell) जैसे–

Good Morning, Good Night आदि प्रकार के शब्द आएं , तो Idiom के अनुसार इनके पहले  (Bid) या (Wish) जोड़कर इन्हें Reporting Verb से पहले रख देना चाहिए।, ' that' के बाद नही जैसे–

Direct: My friend said to me, "Good Morning! I'm happy to see you."

Indirect: My friend wished me good morning and said that he was happy to see me.

(4) यदि Inverted Commas के बीच एक से अधिक Assertive Sentence रहें तो 

उन्हें (and) से जोड़ देना चाहिए। या (Further added) आदि का प्रयोग कर सभी वाक्यों को मिला देने चाहिए।

क्योंकि बार बार (say) या (tell) का प्रयोग करने पर वाक्य लंबा व भद्दा हो जाता है। जैसे–

Direct: The king said, "it is enough, My mother is yet alive. I will go and see her before I die."

Indirect: The king said that it was enough; His mother was yet alive; he would go and see her before she died

यहां Inverted कमस के अंदर तीन वाक्य हैं, जो Assertive हैं और इसलिए Indirect Narration में तीनों ही को एक वाक्य बना दिया गया है। 

यही कारण है कि यहां (and) का प्रयोग हुआ है। यहां indirect Form इस प्रकार भी हो सकता है।

Indirect: The king said that it was enough and that his mother was yet alive. He further added that he would go and see her before he died.

(B) interrogative Sentences (Questions)

Indirect Narration में Sentence का एक structure होता है।

Subject + Ask + Object + if/Whether + Clause [Assertive]

OR

Subject + Ask + Object + 

Examples :

 +clause [Assertive]

Interrogative Sentences दो प्रकार के होते हैं–

(1) Yes/No Answer Type Sentences.

ऐसे sentences, Helping Verb (is/am/are/was/were/will/shall/has/have/had/do/does/did/may/could आदि से शुरू होते हैं।

Examples:

"Are you sleeping?"

"Will you go to school?"

"Have your friends seen the music?"

(2) Wh type Sentences :

Examples:

Who, Whom, Whose, Which, (Interrogative Pronouns) या

When, Where, Why, How (interrogative adverb) से शुरू होते हैं।

Who are you?, 

When will she go?

Interrogative sentences को indirect बनाते समय  following changes होते हैं–

(1), Reporting Verb में परिवर्तन।

(2)  Connective का Addition

(3)  शब्द क्रम में परिवर्तन

(4) Reported speech कर Tense या Pronoun में परिवर्तन

(1), Reporting Verb में परिवर्तन : 

Reporting Verb  (say/said आदि)

Ask/asked, enquire of/wonder/wondered, demand/demanded आदि में change हो जाती है।

Examples :

Direct: He said, "Where are you going?"

Indirect: He asked where I was going.

Direct: He said, "Shall I ever forget her?"

Indirect: He wondered if/whether he would ever forget her.

Direct: He said to the station master, "Is the train late?"

Indirect: He enquired of the station master if the train was late.

(2) Connective का Addition :

(a). Helping या Auxiliary Verb (e.g., Id, am are आदि से शुरू होने वाले interrogative Sentences की Indirect speech में (If) या (Whether) का प्रयोग connective के रूप में होता है।

Examples:

Direct; He said, 'Shall I open the window?"

Indirect: He asked if he would open the window. (√)

He asked that if he would open the window.(X)

(b) यदि Question एक Interrogative Pronoun (e.g., Who, Why, How आदि) से शुरू होता है तो (if) या (Whether) के स्थान पर वही शब्द (Joining Word) या (Connective) बन जाता है।

किसी अन्य Conjunction या Connective का use नहीं होता।

Direct : He said, "Why are you so said?"

Indirect: He asked me why I was so sad. (√)

 He asked me that why I was so sad. (X)

 He asked me whether I was so sad. (X)

(3) शब्द क्रम में परिवर्तन:

Indirect बनाते समय [Rule (a) और (b)] दोनों case में  "Question form, "Assertive form में change हो जाती है तथा Question Mark (?) के स्थान पर 'Full Stop' लगाया जाता है।

Subject को Verb से पहले लगाया जाता है।

The subject is put before the verb.

Question form —-----> Verb + Subject

Assertive form —-----> Subject + Verb

(4) Tense और Pronoun में change

(a)  (a) As before: It has been explained that in Reported Speech the Tense will change according to the Tense of the Reported Verb and the Pronoun will change according to its Subject & Object.

Examples:

Direct : She said to Ram, "Will you accompany me?"

Indirect: She asked Ram if you would accompany her.

Direct : The beggar said to the lady, "When will you cook food for me?"

indirect: The beggar asked the lady when she would cook food for him.

(b) If the question is not in 'negative form' and starts with (Do) or (Does) then Verb in Indirect Speech is changed to Past Indefinite Tense.

Examples :

Direct: He said, "Do you write a letter?"

Indirect: He asked me if I wrote a letter.

Direct: He said to me, 'Does he go to school?"

Indirect: He asked me if he went to school.

© Do/Does + not अपनी Indirect Speech में Did not + verb की original form में change होता है

Examples: 

Direct: He said, "Does he not study?"

Indirect: He asked if/whether he did not study.

Direct: They said, "Do we not abuse him?"

Indirect: They Asked if they did not abuse him.

 (d) If the question starts with '(did), the verb of indirect sentence is changed to 'Past Perfect Tense.

Examples:

Direct: He said, "Did you write a letter?"

Indirect: He asked me if I had written a letter.

Direct: They said to me, "Did you attend the class?"

Indirect: They asked me I had attended the class. (√)

Indirect:They asked me I attended the class.(X)

Interrogatives--Question--Tags : Sometimes, Question-tegs is used under inverted commas. As Interrogatives change include rules of Indirect–

(1), Leave Assertive Sentence (Statement)

(2) Change Question-Tegs including general rules. But question Tags must give complete sentence.

Examples:

Direct: He told me, "You are rich, aren't you?"

Indirect: He told me, "Aren't you rich?"

Direct: She told me, "You like fish, don't you?"

Indirect: She told me,"Don't you like fish?"

Let's see, change these sentences–

Direct: Ram told me, "You are rich, aren't you?"

Indirect: Ram told me, " Aren't you rich?" (√)

Indirect: Ram told me if I was rich. (√)

Direct: Mohan told me, "You like fish, don't you?"

Indirect: Mohan told me if I was liked fish.

NOTE : Assertive sentence has been left and question has been replaced into indirect.

It also sees question tags replaced into indirect ones. To give the form of a complete sentence.

Interrogatives-Shall I? Sentences are used. It has two meaning.

(1), Sense of Future Tense

(2) Since of Request.

When it means comes (Shall I?) in Future Tense then it has been "Shall I? With Indirect; on He/She//Would

But Shall I? With request is expressed sense than 'Shall I? हो जाता है– he/she should

Examples:

He told me, "Shall I pass?"

He asked me if I would pass. (Future)

She told me, " Shall I go to the picture?"

She asked me if she should go to the picture.   (Request)

He told me, "Shall I open the door?"

He asked me if he should open the door.    (Request)

NOTE :

(1), When changing an Interrogative sentence to Indirect, do not forget to use that.  This happens in an assertive sentence, isn't it?

(2) If there are many interrogative sentences inside Inverted Commas, add them before and or use appropriate words like further, asked etc.

(3) (as to) should be used before Who, Which, What, When, Why, Where, Whether etc.  for example:

Direct: He said to me, "Are you I'll?"

Indirect: He asked me as to whether I was ill. (X)

(C.) Imperative Sentences (Request, Command, and Advice)

Structure; [Subject + Ask/Request+Object+Infinitive]

जिन वाक्यों से आदेश, निर्देश, प्रार्थना, सलाह, अथवा आज्ञा का भाव प्रकट होता है, उन्हें  imperative Sentence कहते हैं । यह आज्ञा, अथवा प्रार्थना सामने वाले व्यक्ति अर्थात You से होती है। अतः इन वाक्यों में कर्ता 'You' छिपा रहता है, निम्नलिखित उदाहरणों को ध्यान से देखो –

(Sentences that express the sense of command, instruction, prayer, advice, or command are called imperative sentences.  This command, or prayer, comes from the person in front i.e. You.  Therefore, in these sentences the subject 'You' is hidden, look carefully at the following examples –)

Examples:

The teacher said, "Stand up." (Order)

The old man said, "Please give me a glass of water." (Request)

The saint said to the people, "Be honest." (Advice)

The captain said to the boys, "Let's play the match." (Proposal)

Order and Prayers sentrances ever come from the person in front. Therefore, Imperative Sentences ever come in present tense.

In indirect speech the Reporting commands and Requests, etc.change the following–

Change in Reporting verb

Change in Informative Phrases of Imperative.

Change in Negative Imperative of Negative Infinitive.

Change the expressed word to Request and Respect.

Change of "(Let)"

Change in "(Thanks)"

Change in Reporting verb.

Reporting verb 'said to" should change according the sanse ir Reporting Speech inCommanded, Ordered, Asked, Requested, Urged, Forbade and Advised etc.

Examples: 

Direct : He said, "Go away."

Indirect: He ordered (me) to go away.

Direct: He said, "Come here."

Indirect: He asked (me) to go there.

Direct: They said, "Pay at once."

Indirect: They ordered (him) to pat at once.

Direct:He said, "Get your hair cut."

Indirect; He told (me) to get my hair cut.

Direct: He said, "Please read this letter before me."

Indirect: He requested (him) to read that letter before him.

Direct:He said, "Do not sit on my bed."

Indirect: He forbade (me) to sit on his bed. (√)

Indirect: He forbade (me) not to sit on his bed. (X)

NOTE

With verb 'forbade" "No", "Never" etc. (Negative Word not used)

As we have also seen above side's examples, Reporting Verb should add with Personal Object.

Examples:

Direct: He said, "Do it again."

Indirect: He ordered (me) to do it again.

Direct: They said, "Play the Piano."

Indirect: They asked (me/him/her/,etc.) to play Piano.

(2) Change in Infinitive Phrase of Imperative.:

Add "(to) with Infinitive before Verbs Reported Speech to show Command, Advise, Request, etc.

Examples:

Direct: The teacher said to the students, "Work hard."

Indirect: The teacher advised to students to work hard.

Direct: He said, "Leave it on the table."

Indirect: He instructed (me) to leave that on the table

(3) Change in Negative Infinitive of  Negative Imperatives:

Direct Speech's "(Do not/Don't ) will be replaced in "(not to)".

Examples: 

Direct: He said to the child, "Don't go there."

Indirect: He told the child not to go there.

Direct: He said, "Don't sit on my bed."

Indirect: He instructed (me) not to sit on his bed.

(b) As it's  before said) it "(Do not)" can be replaced through the negative words."(forbade).

And in this case Negative Words will not to be used.

Examples: 

Direct: He said, "Don't sit on my bed."

Indirect: He forbade (me) to sit on his bad.

Direct: He said to the child, "Don't go there."

Indirect: He forbade to the child to go there.

((c.) With "(Never)" starting "Direct Speech" is changed into "(never to)" in Indirect Speech.

Examples: 

Direct: His father said, "Never do this again."

Indirect:His father advised him never to do that again.

Direct: He said, "Never come to my house."

Indirect: He instructed (me) never to go to his house

(4) Change an expressed words to Request and Respect:

In Reported Speech used "(Kindly)", "(Please)","(Sir)" "(Your honour)", etc. have been Replaced into "(Requested)", "(Urged)", etc. 

Examples:

He said to the Principal, "Kindly grant me leave for two days."

He requested to the Principal to grant him leave for two days.

The speaker said, "Please listen to me."

The speaker urged to listen to him.

He said, :"Please come with me."

He urged to go with him.

The lawyer said, "Your highness, listen to me."

The lawyer urged/pleased the Judge to listen to him

More Hints on Imperative Sentences:

You will see that some Imperative Sentences start with '(Let)'. These sentences shall help these rule to replace in 'Indirect.

(5) Change the word of (Let):

Some Sentences start with Word (Let) and those are felt sense of indirect command. These are changed this way.

Structures:

[Subject+Say+That+Subject+be+Infinitive (with 'to')]

[Sub+Ordered/Command+thay+Sub+Should+ Infinitive(without 'to)]

To express, Request, Suggestion, or Command are also used the "(Let).

To say in Direct Speech (Let's ) to make the Indirect commanded, Ordered, Advised => proposed, Urged etc.suggest as like will replace and add the Conjunction 'that', remove the 'Let the 'Should' will used.

Examples:

Direct: He said to them, ''Let's go."

Indirect: He proposed to them that they should go.

Direct: He said to his friends, 'Let's go to a picnic."

Indirect: He proposed to his friends that they should go to a picnic.

Direct: He said, "Let there be no mistake." (कोई गलती न हो)

Indirect: He instructed (me) that there should be no mistake.

Direct:They said, "Let's play cricket."

Indirect:They suggested that they should play cricket.

(b) in case of 'Assumption or Supposition, to add in 'assumed' or 'Supposed 'That' or 'Should' or 'Might' will be replaced..

Examples:

Direct: He said, "Let A B be equal to C D."

Indirect: He assumed (ग्रहण) that A B might be equal to C D.

Direct: The teacher said, "Let ABC be an angle ninety."

Indirect: The teacher assumed that ABC might be an angle of ninety.

If desire is expressed by 'Let', then 'said' of Reporting Verb will be changed to 'desired' and after applying 'that', 'let' will be removed and 'might' will be used.

Examples:

Direct: The old man said, "Let me take a rest."

Indirect: The old man desired that he might take rest.

Direct: Harjit said, "Let Geeta go to play."

Indirect: Harjit desired that Geeta might be allowed to go to play.

If we make Verb Infinitive (i.e. use 'to' + verb) then 'Should' will not be used.

Examples:

Direct : He said to them, "Let us go on a picnic."

Indirect: He proposed to them 'to go' on a picnic.

Direct: He said to me, "Please, let me inform."

Indirect: He requested me to inform him.

Direct: He said, "Let both of your have a try.: 

Indirect: He suggested both of them to have a try.

(d) When 'let' is used in the sense to allow, say to/said to is changed to Order/Ordered, Request/Requested etc.  "to" is used before verb.

Examples: 

Direct: Rajat to his boss, "Let me go home."

Indirect: Rajat requested his boss to allow him to go home.

Direct: The doctor said to the peon, "Let the patient come in."

Indirect: The doctor ordered to the peon to allow the patient to come in

(e) Sometimes 'to' is also used before 'let' with objects other than First Person (us, me) or Third Person (him, her, them).  This happens in the case when giving advice to someone before 'let'.  Have a sense of persuading or commanding.

Examples:

Direct: He said to me, "Let the old man go."

Indirect: He advised me to let the old man go.

Direct: The Principal said to teacher, 'Let this boy attend your class."

Indirect: The Principal ordered the teacher to let that boy attend his class.

Exception: (अपवाद) यदि Reporting Verb में Shouted हो तो उसे जहां का तहां रखते हैं।

(f) Before :Let, Do not => Not to

Examples;

Direct: He said, "Do not let the child run."

Indirect: He advised (me) not to let the child run.

Direct: He said to her, "Do not let the fire go out."

Indirect: He advised to her not to let the fire go out.

(g) If 'It' is used with 'Let' and Sentence we -

If you feel Joy (Happiness), Sorrow (Sad), Permission (Command), etc., in Indirect Speech, we will change it like this-

Example:

Direct: Lata said, "Let it rain. I must enjoy."

Indirect: Lata said that she didn't care for rain; she had to enjoy.

यहां के कहने का भाव है कि बारिश होती है तो होने दो,

उसे बारिश की कोई परवाह नहीं, उसे तो enjoy करना है।

(h) Another point to be noted in the context of 'Let' is that some 'let' sentences give a sense of 'even if' (even if) (Concession though).

Examples:

Direct: Rahul said, "Let it rain even so hard, I will go today."

Indirect: Rahul said that even if it rained hard he would go that day.

NOTE:

1, leave the reporting verb as it is,

Change the inverted commas to that and 'let' to 'even it's and

Omit 'Ever so'.(अत्यधिक)

NOTE: 

If there is no Object afte wer Suggest and Propose, then V4 (V+ing) is also used directly after them, like-

1, Direct: She said, "Let's go for a walk."

Indirect: She suggested going for a walk.

अर्थात

[Subject + Propose/suggest + to + object + that + Subject + should + V1 +....]

"You proposed/suggest to your friends that you should go for a walk in the morning."

Direct: Ram said to me, "Let us sing together."

Indirect: Ram proposed (me) that we should sing together.

[Subject + proposed/suggest + V4(ing) + ……

"You proposed/suggested going for a walk in the morning."

2, Proposed/suggest + to+V1 is not used.

Hence "He proposed to me to go home."  It would be wrong to say

Instead of "He Proposed to me that we should go home."  Will happen.

Generally, there is a sense of proposal in the sentences with "let", in which 'us' comes after 'let'.

(D) Exclamatory Sentences (Exclamation)

इन्हें विस्मयबोधक वाक्य भी कहा जाता है।

ऐसे वाक्यों में किसी तीव्र आवेग (Intense emotion) का अचानक विस्फोट होता है।

Exclaim का अर्थ है 'चिल्लाना'। यह अपने आप मे किसी भाव को प्रकट नहीं करता है।

जो भाव होता है उसी को प्रकट करने वाला शब्द Exclaim के साथ जोड़ दिया जाता है।

Example:

Direct: The old man cried, 'Alas ! I'm ruined."

Indirect: The oldman exclaimed with grief that he was ruined.

इन वाक्यों को परिवर्तित करने का नियम निम्नलिखित है-/

(1), Reporting Verb में परिवर्तन।

(2). Exclamatory words में परिवर्तन।

(3). Conjunction 'that' का प्रयोग

(4). शब्द क्रम (word-order) में परिवर्तन।

(5). 'How' and 'What' में परिवर्तन।

(1), Reporting Verb में परिवर्तन :

Reporting Verb को exclaim with Joy/ Sorrow/Surprise/Anger/ Contempt (अवमानना)/Applause (वाहवाही) आदि प्रकार के शब्दों में, Reported Speech के अर्थ अनुसार बदलना।

Examples :

Direct: He said, "Alas! I'm ruined."

Indirect: He exclaimed sadly (with sorrow) that he was ruined.

Direct: He said, "How beautiful you look!"

Indirect: He applauded (exclaimed) (me) in astonishment (विस्मय) that I'm looked very beautiful.

(2), Exclamatory words में परिवर्तन

Bravo, Alas, Hurrah, आदि  Interjection हट जाते हैं।

उनके द्वारा अभिव्यक्त भाव adverb या adverb clause के द्वारा Principal (main) clause में indicate हो जाते हैं।

जैसे–Joyfully (with joy), Surprisingly (in surprise/in astonishment) आदि।

NOTE: 

Hark ! Hush ! Lo ! => ये attention (ध्यान) अभिव्यक्त करते हैं।

Oh ! surprise अभिव्यक्त करता है।

Pooh ! Contempt (अवमानना) अभिव्यक्त करता है

(3) 'that' Conjunction का प्रयोग।

Examples:

Direct: He said "What a fine chance!"

Indirect: He exclaimed with joy that it was a very fin chance.

Direct: She said, "What a piece of work is man!"

Indirect: She exclaimed in astonishment that man is a very wonderful piece of work..

(4) शब्द-क्रम (word+order) में परिवर्तन : Speech को indirect बनाते समय 'Exclamatory Sentences' शब्द-क्रम बदलने से 'Assertive sentences' में change हो जाते हैं। अर्थात Exclaimatory Sentences' को Assertive में बदल दें।

Examples: 

I. Direct: He said, "What a wonderful creature man is!"

II. Indirect: He exclaimed in astonishment that man is a very wonderful creature.

Direct: He said, "How sweet these flowers are.!"

Indirect: He exclaimed with wonder that these flowers were very sweet.

(5) यदि Reported Speech 'How' से शुरू होती है और उसके तुरन्त बाद कोई adjective आता है तो 'How Very' में change हो जाता है।

इसी प्रकार  'What' =>'Very' , 'much या 'great' में change हो जाता है।

Examples: 

Direct: He said, "How clever she is!"

Indirect: He exclaimed in surprise that she was very clever.

Direct: He said, What is a fool I am!"

indirect: He exclaimed with regret that he was a great fool.

NOTE

(A) यदि Exclaimatory sentences अधूरे हों तो Verb तथा अन्य शब्द जोड़कर उन्हें पूरा कर दें तब उन्हें Inindicate में बदलें।

Examples:

1, He said, "What a fall!"

– He said,"What a fall it was/is!"

– He exclaimed with sorrow that it was a big fall.

2 I said, "Oh, enough,"

– i said, "Oh, it is enough!"

– I exclaimed with disgust that it was enough.

3. She said, "Nonsense."

–  She said, "It is nonsense,"

– She exclaimed that it was nonsense.233

(B) कुछ ऐसे अधूरे वाक्यों का परिवर्तन इस प्रकार करना चाहिए:

Change some as incomplete sentences should do this way:

Rule 1. Reporting Verb को एक उपयुक्त Transitive verb बदल दें।

Rule 2. Reported Speech के दो शब्दों को Object का रूप दें दे।

इन वाक्यों के परिवर्तन को देखें—

Examples :

He told me, "Fool ! Liar !"

He called me a fool and liar.

He said to me, "Thank you."

He thanked me.

He told me, "Good morning. !"

He wished me a happy Diwali.

He told me, "Congratulation.!"

He congratulated me

(C.) Inverted Commas के भीतर आने वाले संबोधित शब्दों को that से पहले रखें।

जैसे कि  Assertive sentences  के सम्बंध में बताया गया है। 

ध्यान दें कि सम्बोधन या विस्मयदिबोधित शब्द that के बाद कभी भी नहीं आ सकते

वे या तो उड़ा दिए या उनके अर्थ अनुसार  that के पहले  वैसे शब्दों का प्रयोग होता है ।

जिनसे उन शब्दों का अर्थ स्पष्ट हो जाए।

(E) Optative Sentences (Wishes)

इस प्रकार के वाक्यों में इच्छा  या भगवान से प्रार्थना व्यक्त की जाती है।

ये वाक्य प्रायः May Farewell, 'Good Night' , 'Good Morning', आदि से प्रारम्भ होते है।

Reporting Verb को Reporting Speech के भाव के अनुसार  wished, cursed, prayed आदि  शब्दों का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

शेष परिवर्तन Assertive Sentences की ही भांति  होता है।

इस प्रकार के वाक्यों का Mark of Exclamation हटाकर Full Stop (.) का प्रयोग होता है।

Examples: 

Direct: He said to me, "May you live long."

Indirect: He wished that I might live long.

Direct: Mohan said, "May God help you."

Indirect: Mohan wished that God might help me.

Good morning, Good bye, Good Night आदि शब्दों के आने पर 

Reporting Verb में 'bade'  का प्रयोग करते हैं।

Direct: He said to me, "Good Morning, I shall see you tomorrow."

Indirect: He bade me good morning and said that he would see me the next day.

इस प्रकार के वाक्यों को Indirect speech में  नियम अनुसार बदलने वाले point change किये जाते हैं–

Reported Verb में परिवर्तन

'Words' जैसे 'May' आदि में परिवर्तन।

Conjunction जैसे 'that' का प्रयोग।

शब्द क्रम  (word order) में परिवर्तन।

1). Reported Verb में परिवर्तन: 'Said' आदि Reporting Verb 'Pray'  या 'Wish' में चेंज हो जाती है।

Reporting Verb (Said आदि) applauded in joy, cry exclaimed & Blessed आदि शब्दों में change हो जाती है।

Examples: 

Direct: His mother said,"May you live long."

Indirect: His mother wished that he might live long.

Direct: They said to me, "May God help you."

Indirect: They prayed that God might help me.

ऊपर दिए गए उद्धरणों से शेष नियम भी स्पष्ट हो जाते हैं।

2. (a) 'May' शब्द के साथ शुरू होने वाली Reporting Speech 'Might' में change हो जाती है।

   (b) 'Reported Speech को Reporting स्पीच के साथ 'That'  (Conjunction)के साथ जोड़ा जाता है।

  © Indirect Speech में शब्द क्रम Simple assertive की भांति हो जाता है।

(3) कहीं कहीं May/Might का use नहीं किया जाता ।

उस case में wishes/cursed/prayed आदि रिपोर्टिंग वर्ब का use करते हुए 'to'  का use connective के तौर पर किया जाता है।

Examples: 

Direct:    She said, "God bless you, my son. !"

Indirect: She prayed God  to bless her son

Direct:.  The crowd shouted, " Long live our Prime Minister. !"

Indirect:.The crowd shouted and wished God to give long life to their Prime Minister.

Note

यदि optative sentence में may का प्रयोग नहीं है ,तो उसे (may को) वाक्य के आरम्भ में जोड़ देना चाहिए।

Examples: 

God save the king = May God save the king!

A plague spit you = May a plague spit you!

EXERCISE  16.1 (234)