Tuesday, 4 July 2023

Advance Structure 200-300[3]


212. May have (पड़ सकता है)


213. S+ever+V3+Ke (कभी भी)


212 hv+S+find+ob+only+to+V1) क्या यही मिला था तुम्हें?


211 Had I found you only to meet

215. जब से…….तब से (Even that)
(Second Sentence even since first Sentence)
(Even since + first Sentence+Second Sentence)
जब से मैं सीढ़ी से गिरा, तब से मेरी पीठ में दर्द है
I fell down from ladder even since I have back pain.
वह सैर के लिए नहीं गया है जब से वह गिरा।
He hasn't go for walk even since he fell.


216 अब जबकि   "[Now that]
[Now that 1.sentence+2.sentence]
अब जबकि दूसरा मौका मिला है हमें चूकना नहीं चाहिए।
Now that you have got a second chance, we shouldn't miss it.
अब जबकि मैं यहां हूँ, तुम्हें चिंता की जरूरत नहीं है।
Now that I'm here, you don't need to worry.
अब जबकि समय निकल चुका है, पछताने का कोई फायदा नहीं।
Now that the time has slipped away, it's no use retreating. 

ऐसा नहीं है [Not that+sentence]
ऐसा नहीं है कि मैं उसे पसंद नहीं करता
Not that I don't like her.
ऐसा नहीं है कि वह मुझे नहीं जानता।
Not that he don't know who I am.
ऐसा नहीं है कि मैंने तुम्हें बताया नहीं।
Not that I haven't told you.

218 बातों में आ जाओगे। [Got into someone's word]
 I know that you have got into someone's word.
 मुझे पता है कि तुम किसी की बातों में आ गए हैं।
You are once again getting into his words.
They people have got  into your words.
Has my mother got into your words?


219 you talk on mobile more and enough.


220 पलक झपकते ही वह यहां से गायब हो गई।
       In the blink of an eye she disappeared.

221 He became a star Overnight 
       वह रातो रात स्टार बन गया)


224 यदि ऐसा है तो वहां नहीं जाना।
       If so, we don't have to go.


 230 Walk on tiptoe lest he should wake up
       दबे पांव चलो कहीं वो जाग न जाए।

234 you will hardly ever believe him.
       आप शायद ही कभी उस पर विश्वास करेंगे।
236. यहां क्रिकेट खेलना मना है।(FORBIDDEN
[Ving+noun/pronoun+hv+forbidden
Going out from home is forbidden at night.
Playing cricket is forbidden here.
Plucking flowers is forbidden from the garden.
Eating rice is forbidden.
रात को घर से निकलना मना है।
गार्डन से फुलतोड़ना मना है।
चावल खाना मना है।

237. जो मेरा मन करेगा । (whatever comes to my mind)
[Sentence+whatever ces to my mind
जो मेरा मन करेगा वही कहूंगा।
Whatever comes to my mind, I will say.
जो मेरा मन। करेगा वही पहनूंगा।
Whatever comes to my mind, I will wear
जो मेरा मन करेगा,वही पूछुंगा।
Whatever comes to my mind, I will ask
Whatever comes to my mind,I will read

238 वैसे भी (By the way also)
[By the way also+sentence]
वैसे भी वह अभी पढ़ाई कर रहा है।
By  the way also he is studying.
By the way also it's not requirements
By the way. Also he is watching TV.
By the way also he speaks a lot
By the way also he is busy now.

239 मुझे इस समय पैसे की सख्त जरूरत थी।
[S+hv+in dire need of+V4/noun+ow]
Your children were in dire need of going to school.
I was in dire need of money this time.
You were in dire need of advice
I am in dire need to earn money.
You were in dire need of talking to his wife.
I am in dire need of computer today.

240. मन नहीं भरता। (Can't get enough.
Some people can't get enough of mobile.
कुछ लोगों का मोबाइल से मन नहीं भरता।
You can't get enough of sleeping
सोने से तुम्हारा मन नही भरता।
You can't get enough of chocolate.
चॉकलेट से उसका मन नहीं भरता
Children can't get enough of cartoon shows
कार्टून शो देखने से बच्चों का मन नहीं भरता।
I can't get. Enough of this burger.
इस बर्गर से मेरा मन नहीं भरता।
241.208 भड़काना/उकसाना (Provoke)
(S+hv+provoke+Ow)
वह उसे मेरे खिलाफ भड़का रही थी।
She is provoking him against me.
लोगों को भड़काया जा रहा था।
People were being provoked
कुछ असामाजिक तत्व भीड़ को भड़का रहे थे।
Some anti social elements were provoking the mob./crowd.
हमें लोगों की सरकार के प्रति भड़कना नहीं चाहिए।
We shouldn't provoke the Government.
ऊसर मत भड़काओ।
Don't provoke him

242. होनी को कोई टाल नहीं सकता।
Noone can change the destiny.
मुझे बुखार जैसा लग रहा है।
I'm feeling feverish.
तुमने सब गड़बड़ कर दिया।
You messed up everything.
यहां कैसे आना हुआ?
What brought you here?
मैं इसे ऐसा ही करता हूँ।
This is the way I do it.
यह रोज रोज की बात है।
It's everyday's matter.
वह अपने पापा पर गया है।
He takes after his father.
मुंझे तुम्हारे जैसा नही करने आता।
I can't do the way you do
उसे वहीं रहने दो।
Let it be there.
तुम इस इज्जत/सम्मान के लायक नहीं हो।
Yo don't deserve this respect.
मेरी किस्मत में यही लिखा था।।
This is what I had in my.destiny/store
वह लड़की आपकी क्या लगती है?
Who is that gir to you?
वह हर बात में मनमानी करती है।
He has his own way in everything.
जूट पहनकर कमरे में मत आएं।
Don't come in the room with your shoes on
अभी तक तो सब ठीक ठाक है।
So far so good

बीच मे फंस जाना (Stuck in the middle)
(S+HV+MV+Stuck in the middle
I don't want to get stuck in the middle.
Due to you I got stuck in the middle.
Leave it, you will get stuck in the middle.
I don't know that you didn't get stuck in the middle.

243. जिस तरह से हालात है उसे देखते हुए [With the way things stand]
मुझे नई नौकरी ढूंढनी होगी।  
With the way things stand, I will have to search for a new job.
जिस तरह से हालात है उसे देखते हुए, तुम्हें चुप रहना चाहिए।
With the way things stand You will have to keep quiet
जिस तरह से हालात है उसे देखते हुए, मैं सही फैंसला लूंगा।
With the way things stand, I will take a right decision
जिस तरह से हालात है उसे देखते हुए, तुम्हें घर छोड़ देना चाहिए।
With the way things stand, You shouldn't leave the house.
जिस तरह से हालात है उसे देखते हुए, मुझे नौकरी छोड़ने होगी।
With the way things stand, I will have to quiet the job.

245 जमाना हो गया। it has been ages.

246

247

248

249 मोबाइल चालू रहने दो कोइ फोन करेगा।

250.1. Being 
Be+V4)  Meaning of "Being"
[हो रहा/होने के कारण/होने की वजह]
[होना/बनना/रहना/जाने पर]

250.2 Being: (हो रहा है)
Structure: (Being+Adjective)
He is being happy* to me nowadays.
Your son is being careless* These days.
You were being silly*.
He is being good* to me these days.

250.3 Being: (के नाते)
Structure: (Being+Noun)
Being a Teacher*, you should  understand of good and bad.
Being a Citizen*, we have some duties too.
Being a friend*, I tried to. 'Make you understand'

250.4 Being [होना, रहना, बनना]
I like/love being with you. मैं तुम्हारे साथ रहना* पसन्द करता हूं।
It's not necessary being (होना) here. / You being here is not necessary.
I like being at home. (मैं घर पर रहना* पसन्द करता हूँ।)

250.5 Being (के कारण/की वजह से)
Being only one of son, (इकलौता होने पर) he ishe is 'apple of eyes'. (आंखों का तारा

250.6 Being: (जाने पर)
(Being+V3)
Being beaten, he started crying.
Being defeated,the Soldiers fled away.
Being given the toffee ,child got silent.

251. कभी कभी हमें [Sometimes we have to.]
[Sometimes,+We have to+V1+Ow)
कभी कभी हमें दूसरों के बारे में सोचना पड़ता है।
Sometimes, we have to think about others
Sometimes, we have to bear the criticism
Sometimes, we have to become social.
Sometimes, we have to tell a lie.
Sometimes, one has to lose.
Sometimes we have to sacrifice.

252. अपनी शर्तों पर (Owen's life on own terms.)
( S+hv+mv(live) life of Owen's own terms)
He lives life on his own terms.
I will live the match life on my own terms
She should live life on her own terms.
Let me live life on my own terms.
I want to live life on my own terms.
Is it wrong to live life on its own terms?
Nowadays kids live life on their own terms.

253. किस रास्ते से (From which way)
(From which way+verb+S+V1+Ow?]
हमे किस रास्ते से चलना चाहिए?
From which way should we go?
From which way does the bus come here?
From which way do you go to the office?
From which way can we reach early?
From which way are you coming?

254 देखा तक नहीं
[S+didn't+even+V1+Ow]
पायल ने तो तुम्हें देखा तक नही.
Payal didn't even look at you.
उसने तो हमें डिनर के लिए पूछा तक नहीं
He didn't even ask us for the dinner.
He didn't even think about you.
He didn't even thank me for the help.

255. तुम इतना क्यों परेशान होते हो।
Why do/does+Sub++V1+so much?
Why do you worry so much?
शीतल इतना क्यों नखरे करती है?
Why does Sheetal throw tantrums (नखरा) so much.
तुम मुझसे इतना क्यों झूठ बोलते हो?
Why do you lie to me so much?
तुम राहुल को इतना क्यों अनदेखा करती हो?
Why do you ignore to Rahul so much?
Why do you blabber (बकबक) so much?
Why does the baby cry so much?

256.  दिमाग क्यों खराब कर रहे हो।
U

260.उतना / जितना As many as /As much as
उतना ही खाओ जितना खा सकते हो
Eat as much as, you can.
उतना ही ले जाओ जितना ले जा सकते हो।
Get as much as you can.
उतना ही करो जितना कहा गया हो।
Do as much as said
उतना ही लो जितना तुम्हे चाहिए।
Take as much as you can.
261  जो है सो है ( it's what it's )
जो है सो है और हमें इसमें कुछ भी नहीं कर सकते।
Its what it's and we can't do anything about it
Its what it's and we will have to accept it
Its what it's and we will have to make do with this only.
It's what it's and it can't be changed.

262. रँगे हाथ (Red handed)
(S+HV+red handed+Ow)
She was caught red handed cheating in the examination.
Some criminals were caught red handed robbing the bank.
He can be caught red handed.
You will be caught red handed

263 मैं धोखा देने वालों में से नही है। (No one of those who..)
(S+hv+not one of those who+sentence
I'm not one of those who deceive you
He is not one of those  who forgive me.
He is not one of those who admit fault
I'm not one of those who give up.
I'm not one of those who get scared..

264 पढ़ने की कोई उम्र नहीं होती
(There is no bar+V4/Noun+Ow)
There is no age bar of studying.
There is no age bar of playing
There is no age bar of love
There is no age bar of…

265. मेरी बाकी की जिंदगी तुम्हारे लिए है।
(Sentence+the rest of +Ow)
The rest of my life is for you.
Where is my rest of my food
Let me finish the rest of my work.
What will you do for the rest of the day.
My life is rest of for you, 
I have to do the rest of work
266. कोई चाहे कुछ भी कहे, मैं तो करूँगा।
(Say what+S+hv,+ sentence)
Say what anyone will, I will do.
Say what people will, I have done.
Say what you will about him, he is a good human.
Say what you will, this is  the truth.
Say what he will, It makes no difference.
Say what people will, I have made up my mind.

267 होती जा रही है (
(S+get/grow/turn+adj (Com)+and+adj(com)+Ow)
This girl is getting more and more arrogant.
यह लड़की घमण्डी होती जा रही है।
The situation grew more and more serious.
स्थिति और गंभीर होती चली गई।
Your son is turning worse and worse.
तुम्हारा लड़का बिगड़ता चला जा रहा है।
You are getting weaker and weaker
आप कमजोर होते जा रहे हैं
She got more beautiful and more beautiful day by day.

268 पर्याप्त एनर्जीFeel up to-To have enough energy to do (not) something.
(S+HV(not)+feel up to+V4,+Ow)
उसमें अभी भी कुश्ती करने की ताकत है
He still feels up to wrestling
आज उसमें बाहर जाने की ताकत नहीं है.
Today he doesn't feel up to going out
मुझे आज चलने की ताकत नहीं है।
I haven't felt up to walking.
Do you feel up to walking 2 kilometres?

269. किसी चीज की कमी है (Run short of something)
(Sentence+S+HV+run short of +Sath+Ow)
I wanted to bake a cake but I ran short of eggs.
He is a nice guy, but he is a little short of brain.
These days I am running short of money.
Pharmacy is running short of oximeters
I'm a little short of cash right now, so I can't lend you anything.

270. बहुत कुछ है (There is a lot to)
There is a lot to+V1+Ow)
अभी कहने को बहुत कुछ है
There is a lot to say now
There is a lot to explain.
There is a lot to do now.
There is a lot to eat now
There is a lot to watch now.
276 दिक्कत होती है [ Find difficulty in]
[S+find(s) difficulty in + V4+O]
उसे स्कूटी चलाने में दिक्कत होती है।
He finds difficulty in riding scooty.
My sister finds it difficult to talking to you.
He finds difficulty in understanding Mathematics.
I find difficulty in delivering speech to people.
She finds difficulty in speaking English.
Do you find difficulty in reading the books?

277 उतार-चढ़ाव   [Ups and DownF[S+HV+MV+ ups and downs +O°]
Ups and downs are common issue in life
I have seen many ups and downs a in my life.
The whole year many full of ups and downs for us.
There keep on coming ups and downs of the economic management

278 दोस्त होने के नाते.. [Virtue of friend]
[By virtue of +sentence{sentence+by virtue of]
By virtue of experience, I asked you not to do it.
By virtue of friends, I said it to you.
He got a job, by virtue of his experience.
I am friendly and advised by virtue of friendliness.
She become a model by virtue of  his experience.

279. वो अलग बात थी /है। [A differ matter]
वो अलग बात थी कि उसने मुझसे शादी नहीं की।
(It's a differ matter..]
It's a differ matter,she didn't marry me.
It's a differ matter, I am less talkative to anyone.
It's a differ matter, I never said that to anyone.
It's a differ matter, I won't do work to you.
It's a differ matter, I made you loss in business.

280 न जाने [Wh+on earth)
[न जाने वह स्कूल क्यों नहीं आया?]
[Wh+on earth+Do/does Did+S+MV.+O?]
Why on earth didn't he come to school? न जाने क्यों नहीं आया?
How on earth didn't she fall sick? न जाने कैसे बुखार हो गया?
Where on earth had he gone last night? न जाने कहाँ जा रहा था?
Why on earth is he sitting with her? न जाने क्यों बैठा है?
How on earth did it happen? न जाने कैसे हो गया?
What on earth is he thinking न जाने क्या सोच रहा है?
281 गलती से भी… [Even By Mistake..]
मैं गलती से भी उससे बात नहीं करूंगा।
[Even by mistake +Sentence]
Even by mistake I won't talk to him.
Even by mistake, Don't take my money.
Even by mistake don't touch this.
Don't go there at night even by mistake.
Don't message me even by mistake.
Even by mistake don't go with him.
Even by mistake don't operate my laptop.

282. दिया जाना चाहिये। [Should be given)
[S+should be+V3+O]
उसे एक और मौका दिया जाना चाहिए
He should be given another chance..
ऐसे मामलों में, पुलिस को सूचित किया जाना चाहिए।
In such matters, Police should be informed
कम से कम एक बार उसकी बात सुनी जानी चाइए।
At least once his point should be heard.
सबको बराबर (equal) मौका दिया जाना चाहिए।
Everyone should be given equal chance.
यह फॉर्म पूरी तरह भरा जाना चाहिए।
This form should be filled completely.

284 सुना सुना  (To feel lonely]
That day I was feeling very lonely.
तुम्हारे बिना सब कुछ सुना सुना लगता है।
I feel lonely everywhere without you.
The house is feeling lonely today.

284A मजा आता है। [To take delight]
He takes delight in doing such work.
मुझे आपके सताने में मजा आता है
I take delight in bothering you.
I take delight in playing the game.

286  सोचो  Guess
[Guess+ wh+ sub+ hv+Mv+ Ow]
सोचो मुझे जन्म दिन पर क्या मिला?
Guess what I got  on my birthday.
सोचो वहां हमने क्या देखा
Guess what all we  saw there?
सोचो तुम्हारे गिफ्ट के तौर में मैं क्या लाई हूं।
Guess what I have brought for you as  gift.
सोचो आज शादी के हाल में मैंने क्या खाया
Guess what  I ate  in the wedding hall today
सोचो इसका क्या जवाब था।
Guess what her reply was!
Guess where all we went yesterday.

287 होने के बावजूद भी "[inspite of/Despite
[Inspire of/despite+noun/pronoun+Ving+sentence]
कुछ के रहते हुए भी वह दुखी है।
Inspite of something, he is sad
सब कुछ होते हुए भी उसके पास कुछ नहीं है।
Despite everything he don't have anything.
धन के रहते हुए भी वह दुखी है।
Inspire of (having) wealth, he is unhappy.
Inspite of nothing he is happy.
Inspite of (having) everything, he has nothing
Inspite of having son, he is helpless.

288. अगर कभी [IF EVER] Conditional
(If ever+cond.sentence/indepent sentence]
अगर कभी फुर्सत मिली तो मैं सोचूंगा।
If ever I have free time, I will think.
अगर कभी मिले तो मैं सब कुछ बताऊंगा।
If ever we meet , I will tell you everything.
I will tell you all about if ever we meet.
अगर कभी जरूरत पड़ी तो मैं कॉल करूँगा।
If ever I need, I will call you.
अगर कभी पता चल गया मुझे तो तुम्हें नहीं छोडूंगा।
If ever come to know, I won't leave you.
I won't spare you I find out.
अगर कभी दिल्ली आओ तो मुझसे मिलो।
If ever you come to Delhi, Meet me.

289. यह बहुत बुरा हुआ कि 
( It is too bad that + Sentence]]
यह बहुत बुरा हुआ कि हमे वहां जाना पड़ेगा।
It is too bad that we will have to go there.
यह बहुत बुरा हुआ कि तुम सफल नहीं हुए।
It's too bad that you didn't succeed
यह बहुत बुरा हुआ कि उसने तुम्हें धोखा दिया।
It's too bad that he cheated you.
It's too bad that she didn't want to be friend me.
It's too bad that you had to quit your Job.

290 मुझे लगा [ i thought]
[I thought+past simple sentence]
मुंझे लगा आपने नई car खरीद ली
I thought you bought a new car.
उसे लगा घर परबहन आ गई है।
He thought  my sister came home.
मुझे लगा वह इस बारे में भूल गया।
I thought he forgot about it.
मुझे लगा तुमने पहले ही खाना खा लिया।
I thought you already ate/had the food.
मुझे लगा तुम क्लास से चली गई हो।
I thought you leaved from the class.
Everyone thought he went abroad.
291  तुम्हें नहीं लगता (don't you think)
[Don't you think+Sentence]
तुम्हें नहीं लगता वे झूठ बोल रहे हैं।
Don't you think they are telling a lie.
तुम्हें नहीं लगता वह शादी शुदा है।
Don't you think he is married
तुम्हें नहीं लगता यह महंगा है।
Don't you think it's costly.
तुम्हें नहीं लगता वह जया स्मार्ट दिख रही है।
आज बहुत ठंड है
Don't you think it's very cold today.
वह cute है
Don't you think she is acting/showing over smart.
You don't think she is cute

292 इससे पहले कि (Before..)
)Before 1 sentence+2 sentence or
(2 sentence +before +1 sentence.)
इससे पहले कि मैं वहां पहुँचूँ, तुम वहां पहुंच जाना
Before t I reach, you reach there
You get out of my eyesight before I do something.
Return his money before he gets angry.
Clean up all this before mother comes here.
Listen to him before you start scolding

293. न चाहते हुए भी  "[Unwillingly]
[Unwillingly+sentence/Sentence+unwillingly]
[न चाहते हुए भी मैं उसके साथ रहता हूँ
Unwillingly, I am living with her relationship.
Unwillingly, I had to leave/quit/left my job.
Unwillingly, I had to marry her.
Unwillingly, I had to agree with my boss.
Involuntarily, he had to take alcohol

295 ऐसा करना कहां तक उचित है?  (To what extent)
(To what extent +Interrogative sentence)
तुम कहाँ तक मेरी मदद कर सकते हो?
To what extent can you help me?
To what extent is it possible?
To what extent do you know?
To whatI extent is it appreciate to do so?

296 मनमानी करना (Get/have one's way
(Sentence+get/have one's way)
तुम हर बात पर मनमानी नहीं कर सकते
You can't let him go his own way.
He is habitual his own way.
He always does have  his own way.
Why don't you have your own way?
You always let him have own way.
You used to get his own way.

297. केवल समय हो बताएगा (Only time will tell)
(Only time will tell+whether+sentences)
केवल समय ही बताएगा वह सही है या नहीं
Only time will tell whether he is right or wrong
Only time will tell whether he will improve or not.
Only time will tell whether he made the right choice or not.
Only time will tell whether the medication has worked or not

298 तुमने मुझे बताया नहीं कि [ 
[Sentence(ANI)+Wh+to+V1+O】
मैं आप से पूछ रही हूं कि यह कैसे करना है
I'm asking you how to do this?
I don't know what to do and what not to do ?
I don't know whether to do it or not
Did he tell you how to operate this machine?
Teacher didn't teach me how to solve this?
.He didn't tell me how to get there?
You didn't tell me where to go with me?

299 उम्मीद है कि  [Hopefully]
[Hapfully + sentence]
उममिद है कि आप अच्छे से होंगे।
Hopefully he will tell the truth.
Hopefully you will be fine.
Hopefully you will pass with a good scores.
Hopefully Sir will come by 10 o'clock.
Hopefully my son will pass this exam.
Hopefully he will accept my friend request.

300 नज़रों में. (
(S+ to be+in +one's +good/bed books.)
वह मेरी नज़रों में बुरा है।
He is in my bad books.
क्या तुम अपने दोस्त की नज़र में अच्छा बनने की कोशिश कर रहे हो?
Are you trying to get back in boss' good books?
मुझे उसकी नज़रो में अच्छा बनने की जरूरत नहीं है।
I don't need to be in his' good books.
तुम कैसे उसकी नजरो में बुरे बन गए?
How did you get in her bad books?
वह मेरी नज़रो में अच्छा बनने की कोशिश कर रहा है।
He is trying to get back in my good books.
मैं उसकी नज़रों में अचछा हूं।
I am in his/her good books.





Advance Structure 100-200[2]

101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169.%बारी आती है [When it comes to.]
[When it comes to+Noun/pronoun/V4+from+Sentence]
जब कुछ करने  की बारी आती है तो तुम पीछे हट जाते हैं।
When it comes to doing something, You getwithdraw.
जब बोलने की बारी आती है तो वह हतोत्साहित हो जाता है।
When it comes to speaking, he is discouraged.
जब दिल्ली जाने की बात आती है तो तुम बहाने पेश करते हो।
When it comes to going to Delhi, you submit excuses.
जब स्वास्थ्य की बात आती है तो मैं समझौता नहीं करता।
When it comes to health, I don't compromise
170
171
172
173
174
175
176.    जितना ……उतना
[The adj./adv/com. degree)+sub+verb+]
The small it is, the better it is.
जितना तेज़ तुम दौड़ते हो, उतना जल्दी तुम थकते हो।
The fast run you, the soon tire you are.
जितना अधिक वह पढ़ता है उतना कम वह समझता है।
The more he study, the less he understands.
जितना जल्दी पहुंचो उतना अच्छा।
The sooner you reach, the better it is.
जितना कम बोलो, उतना अच्छा।
The less you speak, the better it's 
जितना छोटा रहे उतना अच्छा।
Parallel increase Parallel decrease
177 Meanwhile (इसी बीच)
[First sentence+meanwhile+second sentence]
मैं 5 मिनट में पहुंच रही हूं इसी बीच तुम तेया हो जाओ।
I'm arriving within 5 minutes meanwhile you get ready.
I continued working meanwhile she went to the market.
You, cook the food meanwhile she finishes mopping and brooming.
178.Whatever else (और क्या)
कुछ और खालो। कुछ और लेलो, 
यह और कौन करेगा? में और क्या कर सकता हूँ?
वह और कहां जाएगा?
Whatever else can I do?
Who Else will do this?
Take something else.
Where else should we go?
Where else will he go?
Have something else..




178.Whatever else (और क्या)
कुछ और खालो। कुछ और लेलो, 
यह और कौन करेगा? में और क्या कर सकता हूँ?
वह और कहां जाएगm
Whatever else can I do?
Who Else will do this?
Take something else.
Where else should we go?
Where else will he go?
Have something else..
वो सब तो ठीक है पर.. (That'all fine but….)
वो सब तो ठीक है पर तुमने मुझे पहले क्यों नही बताया?
That's all fine but why did you tell me before?
That's all ok buy I am upset.
That's all fine but where are you going?
That's all fine but when will you go there?
That's all fine but I didn't like you.
Go somewhere else from her








178.Whatever else (और क्या)
179B it wrong or right. (क्या गलत क्यासही।)
[Be it+ noun/pronoun+sentence.
Be it the girl or the boy, all are equal.
Be it the rich or the poor, all are Sur die,
Be it you or I,all are responsible. 
Be it the needle or the aeroplane,everything are made in India.
Be it wrong or right, everything  is justifie


181. While/Whereas. (बल्कि)
बाप दुकान चलाता है तो बेटा इधर उधर घूमता है।
The father runs the shop where101as the son wonders here and there.
एक भाई ईमानदार है तो दूसरा आलसी और बईमान
One brother is laborious and honest whereas other is idle and dishonest.
बेटी पढ़ती है तो बेटा मोबाइल चलाता है।
The daughter studies while the son operates /uses the mobile.
Ram is kind while Shyam is cruel
182 घर पहुंचने पर तुम क्या करोगे?
Sent (2,)+When+Sant(1)
घर पहुंचने पर मैं फ़ोन करूँगा
I will call you when i reach home.
बड़े हो जाने पर तुम क्या करोगे?
What will you be when you grow up.
उसके जाने पर मैं बात करूँगा
I knew when talked to him
I will talk to him when he comes
183. तथाकथित (So called)
वह तुम्हारा तथाकथित मित्र था।
He is your so called friend
वह किसी तथाकथित पार्टी का नेता है
He is any so called leader


183 चले/ चलना / चला / चलता।
पॉल जीjhrLast, Lasts, Lasted, Lasting
खेल लगभग एक घन्टे तक चला।
The game lasted about an hour.
झूठ ज्यादा देर तक नही चलता
A lie doesn't last very long.
यह शर्ट ज्यादा नहीं चला।
This short lasted ver long
This shirt didn't last long.
यह पेन लंबें समय तक चली।
This pan lasted a long time
184.    मन की बात
मैं  तुम्हारे दिल की बात जानता है
I know what is on your heart.
मुझे नहीं पता कि तुम्हारे मन में क्या है।
I don't know what is on your mind?
उसे अपने दिल की बात बोल दो
मेरे दिल मे क्या हक़
You mean the world to me
185   मेरा दावा है कि (I bet /I will bet)
वह ऐन मौके पर धोखा देगा
I bet that he will cheat you at the moment 
I will bet he will receive in the nike of time.
यह प्लान काम करेगा।
I bet this plan will work.
वह सच बोल रहा है
I bet he is telling the truth.
I bet he is telling s lie
हम match जीतेंगे 
I bet we will win the matc




188. मुहं लटकाना  ( To wear pull a long face








192. कैसे भी करके/किसी भी प्रकार से  (By Any Mean..Sent)b194.1 अब से थोड़ी देर में 
(In a short while from now)


194.2. By any means ,,(कैसे भी करके


Advance Structure 100-200(2)

Sunday, 2 April 2023

Noun

  1. Classification of NOUN : 

Noun is a naming word that refers to a person, place and thing. किसी व्यक्ति, स्थान या वस्तु के नाम को व्यक्त करने वाले शब्दों को  Noun (संज्ञा) कहते हैं । e.g. Manoj, Ravi, Cow, Dog, Gold, Kolkata, Jaipur, Truth, Honesty, Air, etc. NOTE : वस्तु शब्द के विचार में आने वाले सभी पदार्थों का वर्णन आ जाता है।

There are five kinds of Noun

  1. Common noun

  2. Proper noun

  3. Material Noun

  4. Collective noun

  5. Abstract Noun


  1. Common Noun

किसी व्यक्ति, स्थान, वस्तु जो एक ही जाति के हों , के नाम को Proper Noun (Common Noun) की संज्ञा दी गई है।

Examples: 

=> Man is a social animal

=> Cow give us milk

=>His books are lying on the table.

अर्थात (जाति) Common से यही तातपर्य है, जो किसी जाति की प्रत्येक वस्तु  का बोध कराये।  जैसे : Boy, Girl, City, State, Country, etc.



  1. Pronoun.         

किसी व्यक्ति, स्था, या वस्तु  विशेष  के नाम को Proper Noun कहा जाता है । अर्थात व्यक्ति से तातपर्य है, निजी, अपना (one's own)। अतः विशेष नाम (Proper Noun) किसी व्यक्ति का अपना या निजी नाम होता है ।।             

जैसे : Ashoka, Sita, Agra, India etc. 

Examples:

=> Shakespeare was a poet. 

=> Lucknow is the capital of U.P. 

=>The Bhagwat Gita is a religious scripture.

NOTE : 1. Proper Noun सदैव Capital अक्षर से आरम्भ होते हैं । जैसे : The Mahabharata, Delhi, Manoj. etc. 2. Proper Nouns का समान्यतः बहुवचन नहीं होता है । 3. Proper Noun कभी-कभी Common Nouns की तरह प्रयुक्त होते हैं । जैसे : He was the Lukman (=the wisest man) of his age. 3. Kalidas is often called the Shakespeare (=the greatest dramatist) of India. 4.Common Noun एक जाति की दूसरी जाति से पृथक होना दर्शाता है। Proper Noun एक व्यक्ति/वस्तु को दूसरे व्यक्ति/वस्तु से पृथक करता है ।


  1. Material Noun :                       

Material Noun की संज्ञा उन तत्वों/वस्तुओं को दी गई है जिनसे वस्तु/ पदार्थ तैयार किये जाते हैं ।।Examples : 

=> Silver is cheaper than Gold. 

=> Copper is used  as any alloy. 

=> Axe is made of Iron.                                                     

NOTE : 1 Material Noun उन पदार्थों की ओर इंगित करता है जो Quantity या भार से तोले/गिने जाते हैं। (नम्बर या इकाई से नही)  

2 Material Noun बहुवचन में (कुछ विशेष रूप में प्रयोग होने के अतिरिक्त) प्रयोग नहीं होते। जब उनका प्रयोग बहुवचन में किया जाता है, वे निज जाति की विभिन्नताओं को दर्शाते हैं। 

Example : Wines. Here wines  denote different  varieties of sugar and wine. 


  1. Collective Noun : 

व्यक्ति या वस्तु समुह को दर्शाने वाले Nouns  को Collective Noun की संज्ञा दी गई है। Examples : 

=> There are sixty students in my class. (Plural)

=> India has a splendid Army. (Singular)

=> The mob has become unruly. (Singular)

=> Parliament is considering the bill. (Singular)

Note : जब Collective Noun का प्रयोग इस प्रकार किया जाए कि दर्शाये गए व्यक्ति एक इकाई (Whole/Unit) नहीं, बल्कि पृथक रूप में दर्शाये गए हों, तो उसे Noun of multitude कहते हैं। अतः Noun of Multitude बहुवचन में प्रयोग होता है तथा Collective Noun एकवचन में => => The Jury consist of eight  persons. (Collective Noun) 

=> The Jury were divided  in their  opinions. (Noun of multitude) (Plural)


  1. Abstract Noun :

Abstract Noun की संज्ञा उन गुणों  अथवा विचारों को दी गई है जो ठोस नहीं है। अर्थात Abstract शब्द का अर्थ है--'अलग करना'।

=> Health, Theft, Honour, Beauty, Hatred, Truth, Fragrance, Judgement, etc.   

Note: 

Abstract Noun उसे कहते हैं जिसे देखा, चखा, छुआ, या सुंघा नहीं जा सकता, परन्तु जो दिमाग से अनुभव किया जा सकता है।


            2.  Classification of Common Noun

आधुनिक अंग्रेजी व्याकर्णविदों के अनुसार Nouns (संज्ञाओं) का वर्गीकरण इस आधार पर किया गया है कि वे 'गणनीय' (Countable) है या 'अगणीय' (Uncountable

(i)  Countable Common Nouns

(ii) Unmountable Common Nouns


(I) Countable Common Nouns

Countable Nouns उन वस्तुओं, व्यक्तियों के नाम हैं जिनकी हम गणना कर सकते हैं। जैसे : Book, Pen, Apple, Girl, Teacher, Horse etc.


(II) Uncountable Common Noun.

Uncountable Common Nouns उन व्यक्तियों, वस्तुओं के नाम हैं जिनकी हम गणना नहीं कर सकते हैं । जैसे : Milk, Oil, Sugar, Gold, Honesty। 

ये मुख्यतः तत्वों और अमूर्त वस्तुओं को सूचित करते हैं।




Countable Noun

Uncountable Noun

Example

Stars, Seconds, Rupees, etc.

Money, Time, Knowledge etc.

Verb

Singular with Singular Noun, Plural with Plural Noun

Singular Verb

Adjective

Many, Few, a number of, the number of

Much, Little, Quantity of 

Article

A/An the can be used

Only 'the' can be used

Note : 

(I) Countable Nouns के बहुवचन रूप होते हैं जबकि  Uncountable Nouns के बहुवचन  रूप नहीं होते हैं। जैसे हम books कह सकते हैं, किन्तु milks नहीं कह सकते।


(II) Uncountable Nouns के अंतर्गत Abstract व Material Nouns आते हैं। इनके पूर्व a/an Indefinite Articles का प्रयोग नहीं होता है। a/an का प्रयोग उस Condition में होता है, जब इनके पूर्व Adjective का प्रयोग होता है। जैसे : a  bit of news, a piece of  information. 


(III) कुछ abstract Nouns (Qualities, Action) Countable होते हैं। 

जैसे : Joys, Sorrows, Miseries etc.

Make corrections the under bracket words where ever is necessary.


Exercise 1.1

1, He put on his pants and went to see deer. He met many sheep on the way.

2, India won in the first inning He cut the news with scissors and kept the clipping in his trousers 

3, The images are very beautiful in the poetry of Keats. 

4, In communist countries wage earners are given great importance. They are given a good (premise) to live in. 

5, He gave me advice to see the scenery of Kashmir. 

6, The information that this firm supplies good furniture and stationery proved wrong.

7. There was a quarrel among the sons on the effects left by their late father. It told upon their morals. The uncle took great pains to settle the matter


          3.  The Noun Number 

जब noun एक व्यक्ति / वस्तु को पदर्शित करता है, तो वह Singular में होता है । जब वह एक से अधिक संख्या दर्शाते हैं, तो Plural में कहा जाता  है 

=> Man, Child, Table, (Singular Nouns)  

=> Men, Children, Tables (Plural Nouns)  

Note : किंतु Proper, Abstract, औऱ Material Noun का Plural नहीं होता । जैसे : Ram, Darkness, Curd, etc. इन सभी का Plural तभी हो सकता है जब उनसे किसी चीज  की प्रकार  या जाति समझी जाती हो जैसे : 

Virtues, wines etc.


(1). Rules : Formation of Plurals 

Singular

Plural





Cow

Cows





Boy

Boys





Apple

Apples





Time

Times






(2) End in s/ss/z/sh/x/ch

+es



Kindness

Kindnesses



Lens

Lenses



Gas

Gases



End--in 'z' ;

+z+es.



Fuzz

Fuzzes



Quiz

Quizzes



Topaz

Topazes



Ends in 'sh'

+sh+es



Flash

Flashes



Brush

Brushes



Hash

Heshes मिश्रण



Ends in 'ch'

+ch+es



Bunch

Bunches



Church

Churhes



Ends in 'x'

+x+es



Mix

Mixes



Box

Boxes



Fax

Faxes




End in +ch

  • Ch+s

Stomach

Stomachs

Couch

Conchs

Monarch

Monarchs सम्राट




3. End in 'y'

+ies



Harmony

Baby

Thievery

Harmonies

Babies

Thieveries

Army

City

Petty

Armies

Cities

Pretties

End in vowel +'y'

+ys



Holiday

Journey

Holidays

Journeys

Guy

Key

Guys

Keys

4. End in + f/fe

+ves



Thief

Loaf

Calf

Thieves

Loaves

Calves

Wolf

Shelf

Self

Wolves

Shelves

Selves

Ending with 'f'

Life

Wife

Knife

f+ves

Lives

Wives

Knives



Exception

+s



Chief

Roof

Gulf

Serf

Chiefs

Roofs

Gulfs

Serfs

Brief

Handkerchief

Dwarf

Safe

Briefs

Handkerchiefs

Dwarfs

Safes

5. Ending 'o'

  • es



Tomato

Mango

Mosquito

Tomatoes

Mangoes

Mosquitoes

Negro

Buffalo

Negroes

Buffaloes

6. Ending 'o'

Dynamo

Piano

Soprano

Consonant +s

Dynamoes

Pianos

Sopranos

Kilo

Quarto

Solo

Kilos

Quartos

Solos


7.ending in+Vowel+vowel

Ratio

Folio

  • S

Ratios

Folios

Stereo

Cuckoo

Studio

Stereos

Cuckoos

Studios



8. Noun

Man

Goose

Woman

Sound change

Men

Geese

Women

Mouse

Foot

Louse

Tooth

Mice

Feet

Lice

Teeth



9. Noun

Ox

Noun+en/ten

Oxen

Child

Brother

Children

Brothers



10. Noun+Prep+Noun

Commander in chief

Court martial

Man in law

Daughter in law

Noun+s+Prep+Noun

Commanders in chief

Courts martial

Men in law

Daughters in law

Coat of mail

Editor of general

Son in law

Postmaster general

Coats of mail

Editors in general

Sons in law

Post masters general



(I)Compound Noun Verb

Hanger on

Runner up

Looker on

Passer by

  • er noun+adverb

Hangers on

Runners up

Lookers on

Passers by





(II) दूसरे शब्द का 

Arm chair

Boy friend

Break in

Se daughter

Grown up

Stand by

बहुवचन कर के

Arm chairs

Boy friends

Break ins

Step daughters

Grown ups

Stand bys





(III) दोनो शब्दों का 

Man doctor

Men servent

बहुवचन करके

Men doctors

Men servent

Woman drive

Man driver

Woman soldier

Women drivers

Men drivers

Women soldiers




Alphabet के words में गणित की इकाईयों तथा अन्य चिन्ह के बहुवचन apostrophe (') तथा s लगाकर बनते हैं।या उनके बिना।


Examples:

(I) There are more a's than e's on this page.

(II) Dot your y's and cross your p's.

(III) Add two 5's and four 2's.

12. कुछ foreign शब्दों के plural निम्न प्रकार के होते हैं

From Latin:

Erratum

Index

Radius

Formula

Memorandum

Synopses

Thesis

Candelabrum

Phenomenon

Agandum

Datum

Stratum

Medium

Vertebra

From Italian:

Madame

Monsieur

From Latin:

Errata

Indexes

Radi

Formulas

Memoranda

Synopsis

Thesrs

Candelabra

Phenomena

Aganda

Data

Strata

Medium

Vertebrae

From Italian:

Madames

Monsieurs

From French:

Cheru

Seraph

From English Pattern

Focus

Fungus

Terminus

Radius

Syllabus

Automation

Aquarium

Curriculum

Parenthesis

Hypothesis

Phenomenon

Criterion


From French:

Cherubs

Seraphs

From English Pattern

Focuses

Funguses

Terminusrs

Radiuses

Syllabuses

Automations

Aquariums

Curriculums

Parentheses

Hypotheses

Phenomena

Criteria


Alumnus

Bacillus

Locus

Stimulus

Diagnosis

Ellipsis

Oasis

Gymnasium

Criterion

Sanatorium

Symposium

Dogma

From Greek:

Axis

Crisis

Basis

Analysis

Alumni

Bacilli

Lici

Stimuli

Diagnoses

Ellipses

Oases

Gymnasiums

Criterions

Sanatoriums

Symposiums

Dogmas

From Greek:

Axes

Crises

Bases

Analyses

(13) कुछ noun Compound Noun जैसे दिखाई देते हैं पर उन्हें  One word ही माना जाता है। अतः  उनका plural इस प्रकार बनना चाहिए।

Spoonfuls (nonspoonful)

Handfuls (non handsful)

Spoonfuls of medicine.

Handfuls of grains

Cupfuls (Non cupful)

Glassful (non glassfuls coffee.

Cupfuls of tea

Glassful cupfuls coffee

(14) कुछ Nouns के plural तथा Singular एक से होते हैं।

Sheep

Grouse

Trout

Pice

Common

Spices

Cod


Sheep

Grouse

Trout

Pice

Common

Spices

Cod


भेड़

 गुनगुनानेवाला

 ट्राउट

 पैसा

 सामान्य

 मसाले

 सीओडी

 

Deer

Swine

Corps

Apparatus

Series

Fish

Salmon

Deer

Swine

Corps

Apparatus

Series

Fish

Salmon

हिरन

 सुअर

 कोर

 उपकरण

 श्रृंखला

 मछली

 सैमन


Examples :

  1. A series of lecture was delivered.

  2. There are eighty fish in this pond.

  3. This species of sparrow is very rare.

  4. There are many species of birds in this zoo.


Exercise 1.2 (f or fe => es) (f=>v)

  1. My daughters in law who are in Agra have come to visit us.

मेरी बहुएं जो आगरा में हैं हमसे मिलने आई हैं।

  1. Running the five, star hotel needs much more money than what we have in our account.

फाइव, स्टार होटल को चलाने के लिए हमारे खाते में जितने पैसे हैं, उससे कहीं ज्यादा पैसे की जरूरत है।

  1. Some South Indian mangoes are sold in the North too. Some South Indian heroes are also popular.

कुछ दक्षिण भारतीय आम उत्तर में भी बेचे जाते हैं।  कुछ दक्षिण भारतीय नायक भी लोकप्रिय हैं।

  1. The Loaves she gave me were stale. I gave them to the calves.

उसने मुझे जो रोटियाँ दीं, वे बासी थीं।  मैंने उन्हें बछड़ों को दे दिया।

  1. The thieves took away all things that were kept on the shelves.

चोरों ने अलमारियों में रखा सारा सामान ले लिया।

  1. She had no real brother. When her two mothers in law teased her she went to the house of her brothers. There she had two step mothers.

उसका कोई सगा भाई नहीं था।  जब उसकी दोनों सासों ने उसे चिढ़ाया तो वह अपने भाइयों के घर चली गई।  वहाँ उसकी दो सौतेली माँएँ थीं।

  1. The doctor have tried many formulae to kill the harmful bacilli, For stimuli they prescribe vitamins.

डॉक्टर ने हानिकारक जीवाणुओं को मारने के लिए कई फार्मूले आजमाए हैं, उत्तेजना के लिए वे विटामिन लिखते हैं।

  1. The teacher drew two radii in the curricula.

शिक्षक ने पाठ्यचर्या में दो चित्रो को खींचीं।

  1. The university drew their own htpotheses and included them in their synopsis There are no criterion for sich phenomenon

विश्वविद्यालय ने अपने स्वयं के htpotheses को आकर्षित किया और उन्हें अपने सारांश में शामिल किया सिच घटना के लिए कोई मानदंड नहीं हैं

कुछ Noun बहुवचन में ही प्रयोग होते हैं Examples:

Animals

Drawers

Measles

Premisses

Innings

Amends

Assets

Tongs

जानवरों

दराज़

खसरा

परिसर

पारी

हरजाना

संपत्ति

चिमटा

Pants

Means

Jeans

Lodgings

Savings

Victuals

Fetters

Nuptials

पैंट

माध्य

जीन्

आवास

बचत

अन्न

बेड़ी

शादी

Remains

Spectacles

Scissors

Binoculars

Thanks

Trousers

Socks

Giddings

खंडहर

चश्मा

कैंची

दूरबीन

धन्यवाद

पैजामा

मोज़े

गिडिंग्स

(16) कुछ शब्द जो 's' में अंत होते हैं उनका use एकवचन तथा बहुवचन दोनों प्रकार से किया जाता है जैसे

A means of transport

A species of bird

A television series

Many means of transport

Many species of birds

Two television series

(17) कुछ एकवचन वाले Nouns बहुवचन verb के साथ प्रयोक्त होते हैं क्योंकि वे मानव समूह के रूप में use होते हैं।

Government

Staff

Team

Family

Audience

Community

Company

Firm

(18) धन राशि, समय-अवधि, दूरी, आदि इकाई माने जाते हैं। अतः उनके साथ singular verb का use होता है।

Examples: 

  1. An amount of thirty thousand pounds was stolen in the robbery.

  2. Eleven miles is a long distance to walk.

(19) कुछ Noun का अर्थ  Singular and Plural में अलग होता है।

Nouns in Singular

Their Meaning

Nouns in Plural

Their Meaning

Advice

Air

Counsel

Atmosphere

Aiir

Airs

Information

Proud, Behaviour


कुछ nouns का एक meaning in the singular and दूसरा in the plural होता है जैसे:


Spectacle

Letters

Minutes

Pain

Arms

Manner

Custom

Colour

Moral

Effect

Ground

Sight

Alphabet

A unit of time

Care

Weapons

Method

Habit

Flags

Conflict

Property

Reason

Spectacles

Letters

Minute

Pains ache

Arms

Manners

Custom

Colours

Morals

Effects

Ground

Eye-glasses

Learning's

Proceeding of a meaning.

Troubles

Under limbs

Behaviour

Duties on goods

Hue

Lesson

Result

Earth


Examples:

  1. A. The teacher ordered the students to stand up with their arms raised.

B. Pakistan is buying Arms from foreign.

  1. A. A man suffering from chest pain.

B. Parents took a lot of pains in looking after them.

  1. A. Wait for a minute. I'm just coming.

B. The manager circulate minutes of last meeting 

  1. A. Fill this form in capital letters.

B He is a man of letters.

  1. A. The Spectacle of Diwali Mela was eye-catching.

B. I have lost my Spectacles

There are some nouns that change their  meaning when used in the plural form.

कुछ nouns के दो plural दो तरह के होते हैं और दोनों का अर्थ भिन्न भिन्न होता है।

Singular Noun

Plural Noun

Meaning

Plural 2

Meaning

Brother

Brothers

Son of same Parents

Brethren

Members of a community/Socitey

Cloth

Cloths

Kinds or pieced of cloth

Clothes

Garments

Die

Dies

Stamps for coining

Dice

Small cubes for playing

Genius

Geniuses

Talented persond

Genius

Spirits

Index

Indexes

Tables of contents

Indices

Signs in Algebra

Shot

Shots

Balls of iron throw stroke/hit in certain games

Shots (from shoot)

Firing from the gun

Fish

Fish

Considered Collectively

Fishs

Considered separately

Penny 

Pennies

Separate

Pence

A collective noun

Formula

Formulae

Rules of Mathematics

Formulas

Methods of application


Examples :

I, (a). We are four brothers. (Son of same parents)

   (b) Be helpful to your brothers at the time of this flood crisis. (Mamber, Society Nature)

II. (a) Pleasure to wash off there cloths.

    (b) Gandhiji use to wear Swadeshi clothes.

III. (a) He purchased die for his factory. (Stamps for coining)

     (b) He played a smart trick while throwing the dice on the board.(small cubes for playing)

IV. (a) it's very difficult for me to learn mathematical formulae. Rules of mathematics)

     (b) A number of formulas were offered. (modes of application)

EXERCISE 1.4.

Sense of the noun

Chicken-pox

Neither-nor

Trousers

Forty rupees

Statistics

Verb-Singular/Plural

Is-Singular

Has- Singlar

Are-Plural

Is-Singular

Is-Singular

The summons

As well as

The jury

The poor

Scissors

Have-Plural

Is-Singular

Have-Plural

Deserve-Plural

Are- Plural


EXERCISE 1.5

Choose the correct alternative and fill in the blanks in the following sentences:

  1. Sheep live in flocks.

  2. He is suffering from measles.

  3. Where are my spectacles kept?

  4. His hair are grey.

  5. A building made of brick and stone.

  6. The Commanders-in-chief (D)attended the meeting.

  7. A five-rupee © note was found by me on the road.

  8. Rahul studied in a boys' school

  9. She was very helpful, She gave me some very useful advice.

  10. These five children are her offspring. (वंशज)

  11. She has learnt the alphabet by heart.

  12. The audience highly applauded the presentation of the play.

  13. It's undesirable (आवंशनिय/हानिकारक) to carry heavy luggage in this old age.

  14. Romantic poetry is subjective in nature.

  15. My sister-in-law is appearing for High School examination.


(1,) Some important Rule Related to Nouns.

[Singular Noun + Preposition + Singular Noun (Same) ]

  1. Day by day

  2. Day after day

  3. Row upon row

(2) Ten rupees, Ten Miles +Noun] => [Ten rupee, Ten mile.]

Examples:

  1. Ten rupees have been spent. But.

  2. I have a ten rupee note

  3. He had a five mile walk (n.) yesterday

(3) No changeable Singular and Plural Nouns

  1. Series, Species, Sheep, Deer, Fish, but,

Fishes (Variety of fish)

(4) if dozen, hundred, thousand, million + (one, two, three, etc) =Similar form.

Not to be Plural form: dozens, hundreds, etc. Without 'of'

Examples:

  1. Five dozen eggs have been bought.(√) Five dozens. (X)

[Indefinite Number => Plural form]

  1. Dozens of eggs. (√)

  2. Hundreds of students. Similarly

  3. In hundreds in thousands, in Dozens (√)


(5) Advice, machinery, soap, apparatus, furniture, and information, language, luggage, baggage, breakage, drapery, imagery, poetry, dust, etc. => Uncountable Nouns. Not Plural, not article (a, an) plus

Examples: 

  1. He gave me lots of (many places of) advice.

  2. Radha sold her furniture.

  3. Rajesh sold some furniture.

  4. Rajesh's friend bought some places of furniture.

  5. Please give me all information about the accident


(6) Bread is an uncountable noun. If countable sense then 'A piece of bread,' a lot of loaves'

Examples:

  1. He got two loaves of bread.

  2. He eats bread/a loaf of bread.

(7) Place means स्थान whereas room means कमरा व जगह (space) दोनों होता है।

  1. There is not a room for us in the car.

(8) Poetry is an uncountable noun. For a poem is Countable noun.

  1. It's a nice piece of poetry. (Uncountable

  2. It's a nice poem. (Countable)



(9) Cardboard, Education, Equipment, and Go are uncountable Nouns.

A lot of food is used for बहुत खाना/बहुत भोजन ;

  1. They need some cardboard for this.

  2. They need some pieces of cardboard for this.

  3. His sons need some education.

  4. I need some new equipment.

  5. I took some  food to eat.

  6. I too a lot of food to eat.


(10) Scene countable and Scenery uncountable is: 

Let's see–

  1. The scenery around here is beautiful.

  2. This is a beautiful scene. (बेहद खूबसूरत नजारा, दर्शय)

  3. This is a beautiful place of scenery.


(11) Five-year-old boy, Six- month-old girl, Three-week-old-friend, Two-day-old baby etc are written.

Though year/month/week/day with (s) not be used.

But Six years old, five weeks old are written.

A five-dollar bill, A four-foot ladder, A six-mile walk, A ten-minute conversation, A two-hour exam, etc.

(12) Another Singular; with 'another' is not to be used Singular Noun whisht 'other' is plural noun. 

Let's see:-

  1. They live in another town. (Singular)

  2. Have you got another letter? (Singular)

  3. Have you got other letters? (Plural)


(13) Noun/Pronoun is always Singular after come to be 'Each'.

Though Everything, Everybody, and Everyone is always Singular. 

Let's see:-

  1. Each house is white.

  2. They help each other.

  3. Each wanted a novel for himself.

  4. Everything is ready.

  5. Everybody was there.

  6. Everyone has a pen.

But, If (One, Each, Everybody, Everyone, etc). Is after comes use (of)  then Noun /Pronoun is Always  Plural.

  1. Each of the students has gone. (विद्यार्थियों में से हर एक)

  2. Each of the players had gone. (खिलाड़ियों में से हर एक 

  3. One of the most intelligent boys. (सबसे बुद्धिमान लड़कों में से एक


(14) Nonsense, Weather, and progress uncountable nouns, that before not to be (a/an) used,

But A piece of nonsense, a spell of weather (a/an) is used.

That ways sometimes 'Knowledge' and  magic are uncountable nouns, So, before that neither used (a) and nor add (s) is made Plural. But knowledge sometimes (a) is used. 

Let's see:-

  1. Knowledge is power (Learning)

  2. He has a knowledge of the truth, (Information)

  3. He has a good knowledge of English/London. (Information)

  4. By means of books knowledge is spread.

  5. I saw magic yesterday

  6. It's nice weather.

  7. What nonsense to have a picnic today


(15) A Lot off / Lots of / Plenty of ; (बहुत सारा) after using  Plural Countable Noun/Uncountable Noun are used. 

Let's See:-

  1. There are a lot of people in the meeting.

  2. A lot of pens and books are on the table.

  3. There is a lot of money in his pocket.

  4. He saw a lot of films in his students life.

Whereas 'One of' + Plural Noun (Singular, because actually subject is One)

Singular:

  1. Teaching English is one of my tasks.

  2. One of his brothers is a typist.(उसके भाइयों में से एक)

  3. One of the boys was ill.

  4. One of the pens has no ink


(16) Pictures means Cinema. When this word is always Plural Noun. 

'Surroundings'  Plural. (परिवेश)

Thus high/low/good+spirits = Plural (Always)

Spirits means "mood" 

Let's see:

  1. Payal and Shanky went to the pictures to see 'English Vinglish'.

  2. Our surroundings were pleasant.

  3. There are in high spirits today.


(17) Now-a-days => [आजकल]  / Sometimes => [कभी कभी] / Whereabouts=> [पता ठिकाना]

  1. Now-a-days, the cities are very crowded.

  2. Sometimes, I take milk for breakfast.

  3. His whereabouts is /are still unknown.

  4. Now-a-days, children prefer TV to radio.

But:

  1. See me some time tomorrow.


(18) Two-thirds, Thanks, orders, (Commands given with authority),

Alms, (भीख) Glasses, Assets, (सम्पति) Scales, तराजू) Vegetables, Eatables, Bowels, (आंत)

Fetters (हथकड़ी) Credentials (परिचय पत्र), Pants, Pyjamas, Shirts, Moveables, Ashes,

(From the fire, Cigarette ash) always in are used Plural Noun.

These as noun shouldn't remove (S or ES) for use Singular the same meaning. As:

Asset means when 'quality' then it uses also in Singular.

Good health is a great asset

Beauty is Sita's only asset.

(19) Collective Nouns: As- (A group (of things)

Generally are singular. 

Let's see: 

  1. A crowd (of people), 

  2. A herd (of cattle)

  3. A flock (of sheep)

  4. A regiment (of soldiers)

  5. A congregation (of worshippers (भजन मंडली)


  1. A group of people was in the meeting.

  2. A herd of cattle was stolen yesterday

A flock of sheep is grazing.

A team of cricket players is there

  1. A crowd of girls is in the playground


(20) In English is some as Collective Nouns (group nouns) 

According to the Form Singular, but  according to the meaning Plural..

So obviously  with nouns according to  those are used Singular /Plural verb.

Let's see, 

  1. The Public/Audience was/were enjoying the Magic Show

  2. The Committee has/have considered your request.

  3. The vast Majority of Students need/needs financial support at present.

  4. The Government has/have broken its/ their promise.

But when The Group is considered as a single undivided body.

then Singular Verb is used with it. Let's see:

  1. The public consists of you and me.(शामिल)

  2. The Audience was enormous. (एकमत)

  3. My Company is opening a new factory


But, If the members above Collective noun these are sense then they are considered the Plural 

Let's see, 

  1. The Team was strong. (Singular)

  2. The Team were fighting among  themselves

Group were plural if divided their statements

Group were Singular if united it's opinion

(21) Goods, Premises (आहाता), People, Police, Riches, Scissors, Shears, Trousers Etc. are always used in Plural Form. 

And Plural Verb only with their. Let's see:-

(21) I  The goods were sent to your house. (Plural)

  1. These premises look very big. (Plural)

  2. The police were sent to the hospital. (Plural

But, when these before (pair of…) addition 

(A pair of shoes/Shears/Scissors/gloves{trousers.)then those considered the Singular

  1. That pair of shoes is of Ram.

  2. This pair of gloves belongs to him. (whereas)

  3. His shoes were clean.

  4. His trousers were torn


(22) After  (A lot of / Plenty of / A great deal of / Most of / Some of, Uncountable Noun always is used in Singular Form and Plural Form In a Countable Noun is used. Let's see:-

  1. He has plenty of rice.

  2. Rakesh has plenty of opportunity.

  3. Most of the boys are ill.

  4. Most of the sigar is sold.


(23) I. People, Cattle, Police, Gentry, Peasantry,  Nobility, Poultry, Electorate, Riches and Sheep always uses in Plural Verb while disease names such as: Measles, Mumps and  Diabetes  are considered 'Singular'.

  1. The cattle were grazing in the field.

  2. Ramji has five sheep.

  3. Measles is a serious disease.

II. Tools, OR Instrument : Bellows, Fetters, Pincers, Tongs, Arms etc.

III Articles of Dress : Trousers, Trappings, Pants, Patloom Pyjamas, etc.

(24) With After this only, When Mathematics, Politics, Physics. Economics, Ethics, Dynamics, Classics, Phonetics, Linguistics, etc. are used in the form of any subject.

But, when these use in Plural meaning then it's these qualitie sense and generally these before adding (his/the/such).

  1. Physics/Mathematics is a difficult subject.

  • भौतिकी/गणित एक कठिन विषय है।

  1. Politics has no attraction for his family.

  • उनके परिवार के लिए राजनीति का कोई आकर्षण नहीं है।

  1.  A Person's ethics/politics are his own affair.

  • एक व्यक्ति की नैतिकता/राजनीति उसका अपना मामला है।

  1. The economics of the country have yet to be improved

  • देश की अर्थव्यवस्था में अभी सुधार होना बाकी है।

Some Nouns in these ending (s) => (es) they are used with Singular Verb.

(I) Games & Supports : Billboards, Draughts, Gymnastics, Athletes, Darts, etc.

(II) Titles of Books : Arabon Nights, War and Peace, Three Musketeers, Gulliver's, Travels, Tales From Shakespeare etc.

(III) Descriptive Names of Countries : United States, United Arab Emirates, New South Wales, Persian Gulf State etc.

Summons, Gallows.

When 'Statistics' is used  the form  of Subject then Singular Verb and 'Collection of Data' 's point then Plural Verb is used.

1 Statistics is his favorite study.

                   -But-

2 Official statistics show real wage declining by 25%.


(25) Abstract Noun 's not to be Plural. When such words are showed in use Plural then in facts those likevCommon Noun.

Such as, Provocation's, instances or cases; Kindnesses-acts of kindness.

EXERCISE 1.6.

Fill in the blanks by choosing the correct opinion give below, :

1, I must help him. After all. We are brothers of same profession.

2. Has he Agenda for tomorrow's meeting been drawn up?

3. All the Topazs were sold. You are too late to buy them.

4. Heavy decoration and lighting was displayed on all the Church's of the city on evening  of Christmas

5. To prevent yourself from Mosquitoes use 'good night  mat

6. His heart is full of hatred.

7. At night, I read the story of ten little Dwarfs  and saw all of them in my dream.

8. 





The word Noun means --A Name,

Clearly Nouns are Naming words, They Name, Persons, Places, Animals, things, Quality, States, Actions, Feelings, etc.

They may be used as Subject, Objects, or Compliments in Sentences.

Let's study them in details ;


A, Read these sentences and observe the words in bold type :

  1. Anil is a cunning boy.

  2. My mother is an old lady.

  3. Mohan and Mala are friends

  4. Anita's brother is a doctor.

  5. The Postman brought me a letter. 

  6. Mr. Johan is an able teacher.

All the words in bold type are name of Persons.


B, Read these sentences and observe the word in bold type :

  1. Our school is near the bus-stop.

  2. Kolkata is a very large city.

  3.  Lions and tigers are live in forests.

  4. Your house is on the road-side.

  5. Paris is the capital of France.

  6. The river flows through a narrow valley.

All the words in bold type are name of Places


C, Read these sentenced and observe the words in bold type :

  1. Cows live on in grass.

  2. Tigers and lions kill deer and hares.

  3.    The sheep is a meek animals.

  4. Mrs. Dass keeps hens and ducks.

  5. The eagle is a king of birds.

All the words in bold type are name of Animals


D. Read these sentences and observe the words in bold type :

  1. My books are on the table.

  2. The pen is in the inkpot.

  3.   Picture and the chart are hanging on the wall.

  4. She is bought a Ribbon and a hairpin.

  5. The hawker is selling mangoes and melons.

All the words in bold type are names of Things.


E. Read these sentences and observe the words in bold type :

  1. Honesty pays in the long run.

  2. We must treat animals with kindness.

  3.  An elephants has immense strength.

  4. Patience is so dear to God.(भगवान को धैर्य बहुत प्रिय है।)

  5. Beauty can not be made

All the words in bold type are names of Quality.


F Read these sentences and observe in the word in bold type 

  1. Prosperity attacks friends.समृद्धि दोस्तों पर हमला करती है।

  2. Happiness consists in  contentment. खुशी संतोष में निहित है।

  3.  Slavery is a big cures गुलामी एक बहुत बड़ा अभिशाप है

  4. Freedom is a great blessing indeed.स्वतंत्रता वास्तव में एक महान वरदान है

All the words in bold type are names of States.


G.  Read these sentences and observe the word in the bold type 

(a)  The here and the tortoise have a Race. खरगोश और कछुआ की एक दौड़ है।

(b) Late sings very sweets Songs.

© The baby enjoyed a sound sleep.

(d) She has a graceful gait.

All the words in bold type are names of Actions.


H. Read these sentences and observe the words in bold type

  1. I have Sympathy with you.

  2. Sorrow must be shared       दुख बांटना चाहिए

  3.  Joy is also short-lived.

  4. His behaviour put me in wonder.

All the words in bold type are named of Feelings.


All these various types of naming words are called NOUNS.

A noun in the name of a person, place, animal, thing, quality, action States, feeling etc.