2. PERNOUN
A Pronoun is a word used in Place of a Noun.
Pronoun is that word which is used replaced the Noun.
Word Pronoun Latin word is made by Pro +Noun.
Pro means For (in place of) and noun means name
E.g. I, you, he, she, etc.
Classification of Pronoun
Pronouns are kinds of 8 (eight)
Possessive Pronouns
Reflexive & Emphatic Pronound
Demonstrative Pronouns
Distributive Pronouns
Reciprocal Pronouns
Indefinite Pronouns
Interrogative pronouns
Relative Pronouns
Examples:
Who is there? It is I (not me)
Was it they? (not them)
2. Accusative Case: यदि किसी Pronoun को किसी Verb के Object के रूप में use किया गया हो तो उन्हें Accusative Case में रखा जाता है।
Examples;
I liked him
She abused them
NOTE
1, यदि indirect Object को Verb के बाद रखा जाता है तो 'Preposition' का use किया जाता है किंतु 'Verb' के बाद 'Direct Object' को रखा जाता है। तो Indirect Object के पूर्व Preposition का use किया जाता है। जैसे–
I gave her a book.
But
I gave a book to her
2. यदि Direct और Indirect Objects दोनों ही Pronoun हों तो पहले Direct Object को रखा जाता है। अर्थात Direct Object+ Preposition+Indirect Object जैसे–
"She gave it to him.(Sentence में 'it' और 'him' दोनों ही Pronoun हैं।
3.Possessive Pronoun : Possessive Pronoun का use किसी Verb के Subject या Object के रूप में किया जाता है।
Examples:
Ours is a great country.
These books are not mine.
NOTE :
Possessive Pronoun के बाद किसी Noun का use कभी नहीं किया जाता है जबकि Possessive Adjective के बाद हमेशा किसी न किसी Noun का use किया जाता है।
अर्थात Possessive Pronoun=Possessive Adjective + Noun
Your house is beautiful.
Your beautiful house.(Here, Yours=your house)
4. Reflexive Pronoun:'Emphasis' के लिए Reflexive Pronoun का use किया जाता है।
Examples:
He killed himself.
English grammar tips:
1. Me: use "me" when someone else performs the action. (Me का इस्तेमाल तब किया जाता है जब कोई और कार्य कर रहा हो)
She gave the cheatsheet to me.
Myself: "Myself" should only be used when you are performing the action on yourself. (जब आप कोई कार्य खुद कर रहे हों तब myself का इस्तेमाल किया जाता है)
I am so proud of myself for correcting my grammar.
I - use "I" when you are referring to yourself in the subject. (जब आप वाक्य में खुद के बारे में बात कर रहे हों तब "I" का इस्तेमाल करे)
I used to cheatsheet to improve my grammar
2. Your (तुम्हारा): the thing belonging to you.
This is your pen.
You're: You are (तुम)
Are you sure you're all right?
3. They're: a contraction of the words they are. (वह सब)
They're happy.
There: a location (उस स्थान पर)
We went to Paris and stayed there for ten days.
Their: the thing belonging to them. (उनका)
The red one is their house.
4. Its: the thing belonging to it (अपना)
The dog wagged its tail
It's: a contraction of words it is. ("It is" का छोटा रूप)
It's been two years.
5. Then: often used to situate actions in time. (उस समय का)
I read the cheatsheet, then corrected the grammar in my essay.
Than: a conjunction used mainly in making comparisons. (Than का इस्तेमाल तुलना करने के लिए किया जाता है)
RULES /Uses of Personal Pronouns
Personal Noun जिस Noun के लिए Use होता है उसके Person, Number, Gender, और Case के अनुरूप होना चाहिए।
Examples:
Shiv is a good boy, He obeys his teachers.
He gave me mangoes. They were ripe.(पक्का हुआ)
Sheela is a very flight. She studies eight hours a day.
In these Sentences, Shiv, mangoes, Sheela Noun है।
He, They, She personal Pronoun है जो Noun के अनूरूप प्रयुक्त हुये हैं।
2. जब दो या अधिक Singular Noun को end के द्वारा जोड़ा जाता है और वे अलग अलग व्यक्ति या वस्तु को दर्शाते हैं तो Pronoun का use बहुवचन में किया जाता है।
Examples:
Both Mahesh and Gautam are brave boys. They frightened the bear.
Lata, Sarita, and Gauri went to the market.They had to purchase clothes.
3. जब दो या अधिक Singular Noun को end के द्वारा जोड़ा जाए परन्तु वे एक ही व्यक्ति अथवा वस्तु को दर्शाए तो Pronoun का use एकवचन में होता है।
Examples:
The accountant and cashier was awarded for his service.
(Accountant and cashier are not person)
The Merchant and Salesman went to meet his Boss.
(The Merchant and Salesman are one Person.)
4. जब दो या अधिक Singular Noun को end के द्वारा जोड़ा जाता है परंतु उसके पूर्व each या every लगता है तो Pronoun का use Singular में होता है।
Examples:
Each and every student is honest in his work.
Each officer and each soldier was present on the dock.(कटघरा)
(5) जब Noun अलग अलग लिंग के हों, तो his या her का use avoid करने के लिये Pronoun को बहुवचन में use किया जाता है।
Examples:
Every man and woman must do their duty.
(6) जब दो या अधिक Singular Noun को or, either….Or, neither…nor द्वारा जोड़ दिया जाए तो Pronoun एकवचन में प्रयुक्त होता है
Examples :
Harish or Mukesh may withdraw his name.
Either Sonam or Reena has not played her role well.
Neither Neha nor Ekta can do her work.
(7) लिंग अंतर की स्थिति में Pronoun का use बहुवचन में होता है।
Examples:
Neither Shyam nor Reena have completed their work.
(8) जब एक Singular Noun और एक Plural Noun को Either….or या Neither….nor के द्वारा जोड़ा जाता है तो Pronoun का use बहुवचन में होता है।
Examples:
Neither Harish nor his friends have participated in the play.
Either the manager or the officers are involved in the game.
NOTE
Plural Noun को Verb के निकटतम रखा जाता है।
(9) वह Pronoun जो Collective Noun को इंगित करता है। एकवचन में use किया जाता है।
Examples :
The jury has given its verdict. (Collective Noun)
The class should respect its monitor.
(10) वह Pronoun जो Noun of Multitude (जिसमें अनेक व्यक्तियों का आभास हो) को इंगित करता है, बहुवचन में प्रयुक्त होता है।
Examples :
The jury were divided in their opinion. (Noun of Multitude)
(11) यदि कोई Pronoun को किसी Noun या दूसरे Pronoun से जोड़ा जाता है तो एक ही केस में प्रयुक्त होते हैं.
Examples:
Sheela and me are best friends. (X)
Sheela and I are best friends (√)
Mohan and me went to see the Gateway of India.
Mohan and I went to see the gateway of India
(12) यदि कोई Personal Pronoun Verb या Preposition का Object हो तो उस Objective है तो वही case रहता है। जो Sentence के आरम्भ में था।
Examples:
Let me do this work.
She should not depend on him.
It is between him and me.
(13) Then और as Conjunction है। इनके बाद Personal Pronoun का वही केस रहता है जो Sentence के आरम्भ में था।
Examples:
Rohit is as tall as I
He loves me more than I.
(14) ऐसे noun जो दोनों ही लिंग (Gender) का उल्लेख करते हों। जैसे (person, student, doctor, scholar, advocate, member, scientist, etc.) तो ऐसे Noun के लिए सामान्यता Masculine Pronoun (he etc.) Use किये जाते हैं। लेकिन यदि Context से यह स्पष्ट हो कि Person एक Girl या woman है तो 'Femonine' Pronouns' का use होता है।
Examples:
A good student brings his books to the class.
But
The Secretary of the Lioness Club has announced that one of the members has not given her subscription.
(15) जब कोई Pronoun विभिन्न Person के Noun या Pronoun को इंगित करता है तो Second Pronoun की प्राथमिकता में First Person Plural और Third Person की प्राथमिकता में Second Person Plural का use होता है।
Examples :
You and I have learnt our lesson.
(Our is the Plural of the First Person.)
You and Shyam wasted your time.
(Your is the plural of the second person)
Uses of 'It' :
Natural Incident (प्राकृतिक घटना) जैसे–
Season, earthquake, आदि अथवा समय (time) , दिन, (day) वर्ष (year) कक बतलाने के लिए 'It' का प्रयोग होता है इसे Natural Introductory कहा जाता है
Examples:
It is winter.
It is five o'clock.
It is Monday.
It is raining.
किसी निर्जीव (lifeless) वस्तु के लिए It का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
Examples:
It is a pen.
It is a chair.
छोटे छोटे जानवर अथवा कीड़े-मकोड़े के लिए It का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
Examples:
It is a dog.
It is an ant.
किसी Noun या Promoun पर ज़ोर (Emphasis) देने के लिये it का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
Examples:
It is Shanky who helped him last night.
It is the director that we want to see.
छोटे बच्चे (Small children/babies) जिनके लिंग (Sex) की जानकारी नहीं हो, के लिए भी It का प्रयोग किया जाता रहा है।
Examples:
The child was playing with its toys.
The baby is crying because It is hungry.
Here child/baby are not known whether boy or girl)
Exercise 21
He said that he was fine.
He told me that he was fine.
He says that he is fine.
He tells me he is fine.
He will say that he is fine.
He will tell me that he is fine
He truly said that no one can without water. (universal truth)
He said that honesty is the best policy.
Ravi said that he was reading the book
Dad told Pankaj that he would not give him pocket money.
My friend said that he had been to England twice.
He said that he would be in Mumbai the following day.
He said that he would be using the bike next Monday
He said he could run fast than Ramesh
He said that he might buy a pen.
He said that Seema had to work hard
He said that he should meet me in the evening.
He asked me what I was doing.
He asked me what Shilpa was doing.
He asked me what he was doing.
He asked me where I lived.
He asked me how much money I had.
He asked Rahul when he would come.
He asked us if/whether we would come for the meeting.
The teacher ordered/instructed Rehman to stand upright then.
The doctor suggested/advised the patient to change his food habits.
She requested/urged her husband to speak the truth.
She requested Bobby to give her give a glass of water.
Boss ordered to follow him.
Anjli urged her Boss to grant her leave for a day.
She requested her friend not to tell a lie.
The principal ordered us not to make a noise.
Ayah exclaimed with joy that they had won the match.
My uncle exclaimed with applause that I had done a good job.
She exclaimed with sorrow that she had lost her pen.
Arnavi exclaimed with regret that she was late.
He exclaimed with wonder/surprise that he couldn't believe that.
Arabi exclaimed with surprise that he was unbelievably a great player.
She exclaimed with joy that it was very pleasant weather.
Neha exclaimed with sorrow she had lost her pen.
She exclaimed to me with wonder how I could be so foolish.
Arnavi exclaimed with wonder that it was unbelievable.
He wished his mom good morning
Arnavi bade her dad good night.
He wished that he had been a girl.
Aman wished that his friend had been there.
He prayed to God, Mayank might succeed in life.
Aman bade goodbye to his friend
Sachin wished me a good evening.
She wished me that I had been there that time
51, He told Ravi that he needed to go home with me
He asked me if he went to school daily.
He told me that he was my friend.
He said that Raveena had a car.
He said who I was.
He asked Shweta who she was to him.
My boss instructed me not to go there
He wished that he had been a girl.
He prayed to God I might succeed in life.
He exclaimed with sorrow he had missed it.
He asked Mayank whom he would meet that day.
He said that Ravi met him yesterday
He asked whether he was at home.
She wished that she had been at home.
He preyed that Subham might live long.
He asked how many people were there.
He said that I couldn't talk about him.
He told Meena that he had to consult a Doctor.
He requested to keep the Doctor ajar.
He prayed God I might earn Los of money
He exclaimed with wonder that Ranveer was so handsome.
He regretted that he had missed the chance.
He exclaimed with sorrow that the situation was so tragic.
He asked who they were.
He preyed Shweta might pass the interview that day.
My boss ordered me not to come inside the room.
He wished that she had been a teacher.
He prayed that I might score the 99 percentile in CAT.
My friend exclaimed with wonder that midday was a great rapper.
She bade Mayank goodbye
She wished her dad good morning.
She wished that Raveena had been there.
He prayed God that I might I've ling
The doctor consulted the patient to stop drinking.
He exclaimed with regret that he was rude to me
He requested Shweta to speak the truth.
He requested me to keep the window open
.
