Direct Indirect (Narration)

Bilkul, direct aur indirect narration (pratyaksh aur apratyaksh kathan) ko hinglish lipi mein samajhte hain, details aur examples ke saath.

Direct Narration (Pratyaksh Kathan):

 * Ismein, speaker ke exact words (bilkul wahi shabd) quote kiye jaate hain.

 * Inverted commas (" ") ka istemaal hota hai.

 * Speaker ke shabd seedhe-seedhe bataye jaate hain.

Indirect Narration (Apratyaksh Kathan):

 * Ismein, speaker ke words ko apne shabdon mein report kiya jaata hai.

 * Inverted commas hat jaate hain.

 * Kuch grammatical changes hote hain, jaise tense, pronouns, aur time/place expressions mein.

 * "that" (ki) ka istemaal aksar hota hai.

Kuch Basic Rules (Kuch Buniyadi Niyam):

 * Reporting Verb (Reporting Kriya):

   * "say" (kehna), "tell" (batana), "ask" (puchna), etc.

   * Reporting verb ka tense, indirect narration mein tense changes ko prabhavit karta hai.

 * Tense Changes (Kaal Parivartan):

   * Agar reporting verb past tense mein hai, toh reported speech (bataya gaya kathan) ka tense bhi past tense mein badal jaata hai.

   * Present simple, past simple mein badal jaata hai.

   * Present continuous, past continuous mein badal jaata hai.

   * Present perfect, past perfect mein badal jaata hai.

   * Past simple, past perfect mein badal jaata hai.

   * Past continuous, past perfect continuous mein badal jata hai.

   * Future simple (will), would main badal jata hai.

   * "can" (sakta hai) "could" (sakta tha) mein badal jaata hai.

   * "may" (shayad) "might" (shayad tha) mein badal jata hai.

 * Pronoun Changes (Sarvanam Parivartan):

   * "I" (main) reporting verb ke subject ke according badal jaata hai.

   * "You" (tum) reporting verb ke object ke according badal jaata hai.

   * "We" (hum) reporting verb ke subject ke according badal jata hai.

 * Time and Place Changes (Samay aur Sthan Parivartan):

   * "now" (ab) "then" (tab) mein badal jaata hai.

   * "today" (aaj) "that day" (us din) mein badal jaata hai.

   * "tomorrow" (kal) "the next day" (agle din) mein badal jaata hai.

   * "yesterday" (kal) "the previous day" (pichle din) mein badal jaata hai.

   * "here" (yahan) "there" (wahan) mein badal jaata hai.

Examples (Udaharan):

1. Present Simple to Past Simple:

 * Direct: "I play football," he said. (Usne kaha, "Main football khelta hoon.")

 * Indirect: He said that he played football. (Usne kaha ki woh football khelta tha.)

2. Present Continuous to Past Continuous:

 * Direct: "She is reading a book," they said. (Unhone kaha, "Woh ek kitab padh rahi hai.")

 * Indirect: They said that she was reading a book. (Unhone kaha ki woh ek kitab padh rahi thi.)

3. Present Perfect to Past Perfect:

 * Direct: "I have finished my work," he said. (Usne kaha, "Maine apna kaam khatam kar liya hai.")

 * Indirect: He said that he had finished his work. (Usne kaha ki usne apna kaam khatam kar liya tha.)

4. Past Simple to Past Perfect:

 * Direct: "I saw a movie," she said. (Usne kaha, "Maine ek movie dekhi.")

 * Indirect: She said that she had seen a movie. (Usne kaha ki usne ek movie dekhi thi.)

5. Future Simple (will) to would:

 * Direct: "I will go to the market," he said. (Usne kaha, "Main market jaunga.")

 * Indirect: He said that he would go to the market. (Usne kaha ki woh market jayega.)

6. "can" to "could":

 * Direct: "I can swim," she said. (Usne kaha, "Main tair sakti hoon.")

 * Indirect: She said that she could swim. (Usne kaha ki woh tair sakti thi.)

7. "may" to "might":

 * Direct: "It may rain," they said. (Unhone kaha, "Shayad barish ho.")

 * Indirect: They said that it might rain. (Unhone kaha ki shayad barish ho sakti thi.)

8. Time and Place Change:

 * Direct: "I am going here now," he said. (Usne kaha, "Main ab yahan ja raha hoon.")

 * Indirect: He said that he was going there then. (Usne kaha ki woh tab wahan ja raha tha.)

9. Interrogative Sentences (Prashnavachak Vakya):

 * Direct: "Where are you going?" he asked. (Usne pucha, "Tum kahan ja rahe ho?")

 * Indirect: He asked where I was going. (Usne pucha ki main kahan ja raha tha.)

 * Direct: "Do you like coffee?" She asked. (Usne pucha, "Kya tumhe coffee pasand hai?")

 * Indirect: She asked if I liked coffee. (Usne pucha ki kya mujhe coffee pasand hai.)

10. Imperative Sentences (Aagyavachak Vakya):

 * Direct: "Close the door," he said. (Usne kaha, "Darwaza band karo.")

 * Indirect: He told me to close the door. (Usne mujhe darwaza band karne ko kaha.)

Yeh kuch basic rules aur examples hain. Inhe practice karne se aap direct aur indirect narration mein expert ho jayenge.