Tuesday, 30 August 2022

Narration

16. Narration 

Narration का अर्थ है कथन किसी वक्ता के कथन को हम दो प्रकार से व्यक्त (express ) करते हैं।

(I) Direct Speech. (II) Indirect Speech. 

(I) Direct Speech:- जब वक्ता की बातें या शब्द ज्योंकि त्यों प्रस्तुत करते हैं तो उसे प्रत्यक्ष कथन Direct Speech कहते हैं । यह कथन inverted Commas में लिखा जाता है।

Example: Ram said to him,"I am reading a book."

(II) Indirect Speech

जब वक्ता की कही बातों को ज्यों का त्यों न कहकर उसके भाव को प्रस्तुत किया जाता है। उस अप्रत्यक्ष कथन को indirect Speech कहते हैं । यह कथन  inverted Commas में नहीं लिखा जाता है।

Direct Search को निम्न भागों में बांटा गया है:-

Reporting clause: Subject + Reporting Verb + Preposition तथा Object (अर्थात "inverted Commas" से बाहर का भाग) मिलकर Reporting Clause बनता है।

Example : Ram (Subject) said (verb) to (Preposition) him (Object)

सामान्यता: Reporting Clause को वाक्य  के शुरू में लिखा जाता है पर यह आवश्यक नहीं है कि Direct Speech में Reporting Clause का यूज़ Sentence शुरू में ही हो ---यह शुरू में, बीच में या अंत में, कहीं भी लिखा जा सकता है।

Example : He said to me, " I like you.The Reason behind it is  that you always take care of me."

इस Sentence में Reporting Clause शुरू में ही है, इसे हम इस प्रकार भी लिख सकते हैं।

"I like you. The reason behind is that you always take care to me." Ram said to me. और  हम Reporting Clause के मध्य  में इस प्रकार  भी लिख सकते हैं कि इसके अर्थ या आशय में कोई अंतर न आए।

Example: "I like you." He said to me, "The reason behind this is that you always take care to me."

It is not compulsory कि हर Reporting Clause में object हो । कभी कभी Subject + Verb की स्थिति  अर्थात He/Ram/You/ said आदि भी हो सकती है।

Reporting Verb : Reporting Clause ke verb को Reporting Been कहा जाता है। Ram said (Reporting Verb) to me

Reporting Speech

Inverted Commas के अंदर का भाग जैसे:-

"I am reading a book". Reported Speech. कहलाता है। उस वाक्य के verb को  verb of reported speech कहा जाता है।

Ram said to me,(Reporting Verb => Reporting Speech) "I am reading a book."(Verb of Reported Speech=>Reported Speech)

Reported Speech के Inverted Commas हटा देने पर Tense, Personal Pronoun, Conjunction तथा अन्य महत्वपूर्ण परिवर्तन करने पर indirect Speech बनती है।

यदि हम उपयुर्क्त उदाहरण को  indirect Speech  में परि

वर्तन करें तो निम्न लिखत वाक्य बनेगा।

Ram told him that he was reading a book.

To be continued..

  1. Rules of Change Narrations

Narration में हमें वाक्य के अर्थ से मतलब रहता है उसकी बनावट से नहीं।

बनावट या सरंचना की दृष्टि से वाकई simple, Compound, Complex, या Mix होते हैं।

ये Analysis के विषय है।

अर्थ की दृष्टि से वाक्य

Assertive, Imperative, Interrogative, Otative and

Exclamatory होते हैं।

Direct Speech से Indirect Speech में परिवर्तन के rules:

(I) General Rules

(II) Special Rules

I) General Rules:

General Rules उन नियमों को कहा जाता है जो प्रत्येक प्रकार के वाक्यों के साथ लागू होते हैं

  1. Change of Tense

  2. Change of Person

  3. Change of other part of Speech.

(1,) Change of Tense:

यदि Reporting Verb, Present Tense या Future Tense में है तो Reported Speech या Tense परिवर्तित नही होगा।

Example:

(i)Direct: He says,"Ram is ill."

In. He says that Ram is I'll.

Dr. Naresh will say,"Girls are very clever."

In. Naresh will say that girls are very clever.

NOTE:-

Direct Narration में Inverted commas को Indirect नर्राश्म में से हटा कर वाक्य के अनुसार Cunjunction का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

Dr. She says, "I am ready."

In. She says that she is ready.

यदि Reported verb past tense में है तो Direct speech का Present tense, Past tense में परिवर्तित होगा।

Example:

 D. He said, "Ram is ill."

In. He said that he was ill.

D. Ram said to me, "Some girls are cheating."

In. Ram told me that some girls were cheating.

यदि परम्भिक क्रिया (Introductory Verb) Past Tense में हो,

तो Reported Speech के नियमों के अनुसार बदला जाता है।


Present Simple

Present Continuous

Present Perfect

Past Simple

Present Perfect Continuous.

Future

Future Continuous

To Past Simple

To Past Continuous

To Past Perfect

To Past Perfect.

To Past Perfect Continuous

To Probable Conditional

To Probable Conditional

Example:

D. He said, "Nambiar works hard."

In. He said that Nambiar worked hard.

D. He said, " Nambiar is working hard."

In. He said that Nambiar was working hard.

D. He said, "Nambiar has worked hard."

In. He said that Nambiar had worked.

D. He said, "Nambiar worked hard."

In. He said that Nambiar had worked hard.

D. He said, "Nambiar has been working hard."

In. He said that Nambar had been working hard.

Dr. He said, "Nambiar will work hard."

In. He said that Nambiar would work hard.

Dr. He said, "Nambiar will be working hard."

In. He said that Nambiar would be working hard.

Note:

1. Reported Speech का Past Perfact और Past Perfect Continuous ज्यों के त्यों (As It is) रहते हैं।

2, यदि Reported Speech के भीतर कोई ऐसा कथन हो जिससे 'आदत' 'चिरन्तन सत्य' या 'सिद्धान्त (Habitual, Universal Truth या Principle का sense हो तो Reporting Verb का tense नहीं बदला जाता है, जैसे:

The teacher said, "The earth is round." 

The teacher said that the earth is round.

He said, "Honesty is the best policy.

He said that honesty is the best policy.

The prachar said, "Man proposes and God disposes."

The preacher said that manpropses and God disposes.

Inverted commas के भीतर जो Proverbs & Idioms (मुहावरे या लोकोकितयां) हैं उसमें भी Universal Truth का बोध होता है और इसीलिए वाक्यों के verbs के भी tense नहीं बदलते।

Example:

Dr. He remarked,"A bad carpenter quarrels with his tools.

In. He remarked that a bad carpenter quarrels with his tools.

"एक घटिया बढ़ई अपने औजारों से झगड़ता है।"

Dr. I said," Birds of a feather flock together."

In. I said that birds of a feather flock together.

 "समान प्रवृत्ति के व्यक्ति इकट्ठे रहते हैं।"

कभी कभी Reported Speech में "must" का प्रयोग होता है ।

ऐसे में must को साधारण्तः has/have to+ Verb में बदल देना चाहिए।

Example:

Dr. He said, "Students must respect teachers."

In. He said that Students have to respect teachers


(2) Change of Person

Direct Narration को Indirect Narration में change करने के लिए inverted commasके अंदर  अर्थात Reported Speech में प्रयुक्त Ist, IInd, IIIrd Person के Pronouns को SON के नियम के अनुसार बदला जा सकता है।


S

O

N

1

2

3

अर्थात I Person Subject के अनुसार (Reporting Verb के)

IInd Person Subject के अनुसार (Reporting Verb के)

IIIrd Person Subject No Change1

Example:

Dr. She said to me, "I'm right but you are wrong."

Ir. She told me that She was righ but I was wrong.

'1' First Person है जो Subject 'She' के अनुसार  बदलकर 'she' हो गया है तथा 'you' Second Person है जो Object 'me'के अनुसार बदल कर 'I' हो गया है।


Examples:

D: You said to me, "He is handsome."

I:  You told me that he was handsome.

'He' Third Person है अतः इसमें कोई change नहीं किया गया है।

यदि Universal Truth के लिए  'we' का प्रयोग हो तो indirect narration में नहीं बदला जा सकता है।

Examples:

D: They said, "We cannot live without air."

I : They said that we cannot live without air.

In this Sentence 'we' ,were not changed  because use of this for Universal Through.

If any Magazine , News Paper etc. these are used for me  we, our, us. Then changed in  'it, its' and  it in Indian Narration.


Examples :

D: The Times of India say, " We are trying our best to keep you well informed.

I: The Times of India says that it is trying its best to keep you well informed."

If 'we' and 'our' have been changed in 'it' It's,  

If in the 'Reporting Verb' not used 'Object' and in the 'Reported Speech used 'you' then it 'you' is changed into Third Person or First Person

Examples: 

  1. D: She said, "You are guilty."

I: She said that he was guilty.

  1. D: He said, "You are all guilty.

I: He said that they were all guilty.

  1. D: He said, "You are guilty.

I: He said that I was guilty.

  1. D: He said, "You are all guilty."

I: He said that we were all guilty.

(3) Change of Other Parts of Speech.:

When Reporting speech lives in Past Tense then it has changed not only verb of change but also Reported Speech (inside of inverted commas) of how much Expressing nearness) Adjectives, adverbs, and Verbs live there.

They all of expressing distance are changed in words.

This

Into

That

These

Into

Those

Here

Into

There

Now

Into

Then

Thus

Into

So

Come

Into

Go

Tomorrow

Into

Next day

Yesterday

Into

The Previous Day

Last Night

Into

The Previous Night

Next Week/Years

Into

The Following week/Year

Hence

Into

Thence

Today

IntoI

That day

A year, etc, ago

Into

A year before

NOTE

इस सम्बंध में यह बात ध्यान देने योग्य है यदि Reported Speech में प्रयोग किये गए Adjective या Adverb से ऐसा मालूम पड़े कि वह चीजें वक्ता के साथ या सामने है तो उस हालत में निकटता-सूचक शब्दों को दूरी सूचक शब्दों में नहीं बदला जाता है। जैसे–

Ram said, "This is my pen.

Ram said that this was his pen.

(II) Special Rules:

हम direct speech को indirect speech में बदलने के लिए सामान्य नियम समझ चुके हैं।

अब हम विशेष रूप से Sentences की types के अनुसार सेंटेंसस को indirect Speech में बदलने के  नियम पर ध्यान देंगे।

Direct from से Indirect में परिवर्तित करने के प्रयोजन से वाक्यों को 5 भागो में बांटा जाता है।

  1. Assertive Sentences

  2. Interrogative Sentences.

  3. Imperative Sentences

  4. Exclamatory Sentences.

  5. Optative Sentences.

  1. Assertive or Declarative Sentences

Indirect Narrative में Sentence की बनाबट होती है–


Subject + say + that + clause

Or

Subject + tell + object + that + clause

Rules

'Assertive' word Assert से बना है जिसका अर्थ है 'दृढ़तापूर्वक'

आथवा निश्चय पूर्वक स्वीकार करना। ऐसे sentences की Direct speech को Indirect Speech बनाते समय निम्न changes किये जाते है—

(I) 'that का addition ; Reported Speech के तुरंत बाद use किये गए Inverted Commas के स्थान पर 'That' connective का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

Examples: 

  1. (D) : He said, "I'm not well.

(Id) : He said that he was well.

  1. (D) :  I said, " Boys are very clever.

           (Id): I said that Boys were  very clever.


(2) Reported Verb में परिवर्तन:

यदि Reported Verb में 'say' या 'Said' के बाद कोई Noun या 'Personal Pronoun' Object के रूप में use किया जाता है तो 'say'  tell में तथा 'said' 'told' में change हो जाता है।

(यहां ध्यान देने योग्य तथ्य यह है कि tell एक Transitive Verb है। इसीलिए इसके तुरंत बाद ही Object आना चाहिए जैसे–

He told me…..परन्तु direct speech में say, says, said आदि और object के मध्य 'to' का प्रयोग होता है।

Example:

Direct   : He said to me, "You cannot swim."

Indirect: He told me that I couldn't swim.      (√)

             He said to me that I couldn't swim. (X)

Assertive sentences में  Indirect Speech बनाते समय कुछ अन्य Reported Verbs का use किया जा सकता है बेशक वे sentence Imperative (आज्ञासूचक) न हों; 

यह बात इस बात पर निर्भर करता है कि क्या speech एक reply है या कुछ और है। 

इसके लिए हम


Add

Affirm

Assert

Assure

Complaint

Confess

Declare

Inform

Observed

Order

Promise

Protest

Remark

Explain

Remind

State

Threaten

Warn 

जोड़ें

वाणी

ज़ोर

आश्वासन

शिकायत

अपराध स्वीकार करना

 प्रचार

 बताना

 देखा

आदेश

 वायदा

 विरोध करना

 टिप्पणी

 समझाना

 याद दिलाना

 राज्य

धमकी देना

चेतावनी देना




He would Support you

Mahesh had Beaten him

He was Guilty


His friend had Come to week before

The climate of Agra was Comparative dry

To enter his office without Permission

He would trouble mahesh no more


Man was as Cunning as a fox



Man entering the house of his neighbour.


It was Not safe to travel by night

आदि (जो suitable हो) में से किसी एक का use करते हैं।

Examples: 

  1. Direct.    : He said to me, "My friend came a week ago.

  • Indirect. : He informed me that his friend had come a week ago.

  1. Direct.    : He said, "The climate of Agra is comparatively dry."

  • Indirect. : He observed that the climate of Agra was comparatively dry.

  1. Direct.   : He said, "I will trouble Mahesh no more."

  • Indirect : He promised that he would trouble Mahesh no more.

  1. Direct.  : He said, "This man is as cunning as a fox."

  • Indirect : He remarked that man was as cunning as a fox.

  1. Direct.   : They said to me, "It is not safe to travel by night."

  • Indirect: They warned me that it was not safe to travel by night.

  1. Direct.  : The witness said, "I saw this man entering the house of mt neighbour."

  • Indirect : The witness stated that he had seen that man entering the house of his neighbour.

  1. Direct.  : My friend said to me, "I shall support you."

  • Indirect  : My friend assured me that he would support md

  1. Direct.  : The accused said, "I am guilty."

  • Indirect.  : The accused confessed that he was guilty.

  1. Direct.  : The Principal said, "No one  is to enter my office without permission

  • Indirect  : The Principal ordered that no one was to enter his office without permission

  1. Direct. : The boy said to the teacher, " Mahesh has beaten me."

  • Indirect: The boy complaint to the teacher that Mahesh had beaten him.

(3) Reporting Object का addition : 

यदि Reporting Speech में कोई Object नही दिया गया है,

पर Reported Speech (inverted Comma के अंदर को Speech से साफ indicate होता है तो

Indirect बनाते टाइम उसे Reported Speech में add कर किया जाता है।


Examples:

  1. Direct : She said, "I am waiting for you."

  • Indirect : She told me that she was waiting for me.

  1. Direct : Geeta said, "Radha,You can play now."

  • Indirect: Geeta told Radha that she could play then.

(4) Reported Speech में परिवर्तन:

(a) जैसा कि हम पहले भी पढ़ चुके हैं, Sentence को Indirect बनाते समय 

Verb, Tense, Pronoun, Noun, आदि change होते हैं।

पर Reporting Verb का Personal Pronoun कभी नहीं बदलता,

केवल Reported Speech के Pronoun ही बदलते हैं।


Examples:

  1. Direct; I said to her, " Your brother has cheated me."

  • Indirect : I told her that your brother had cheated me.

  1. Direct: My friend said to his son, "I can't teach you,"

  • Indirect: My friend told his son that he couldn't reach him.

(b) Reported Speech में दिया गया (Sir) वर्फ़ "Reporting Verb" में 'Rezpectfully" लगाकर बदला जा सकता है।

Examples:

  1. Direct: The boy said to the teacher, "Sir, I couldn't come because my father wss unwell."

  • Indirect: The boy told the teacher respectfully that he could be not because his father was unwell.

  1. Direct : The advocate said to the magistrate, "Sir, the accused is not guilty."

  • Indirect:The advocate plead  to the magistrate with due to respectfully that the accused wad not guilty.

(c,) Reported Speech में दिए गए (Yes) or (No) शब्दों को Reporting Speech में क्रमश (replied in affirmative),;(replied in positive) or (replied in negative) शब्दों द्वारा बदला जा सकता है।

Examples:

  1. Direct: The student said to the teacher, "Yes sir, I didn't come yesterday."

  • Indirect: The student told respectfully teacher in the affirmative that he hadn't come last day, (previous day)

  1. Direct : The girl said, "Yes, I can come tomorrow."

  • Indirect :The girl replied in the affirmative positive that she could come next day. 

  1. Direct: The girl said, "No, I can't read."

  • Indirect: The girl replied in the negative that she couldn't read.

  1. Direct: The boy said, "No, I didn't do it."

  • Indirect: The boy replied in the negative that he hadn't done it.

(d) Reported Speech के (sorry) को Reporting Speech में (expressed regret saying) या (Regretted and said) द्वारा replace किया जाता है।

Examples:

  1. Direct: He said, "I am sorry, I am late."

  • Indirect: He expressed regrets saying that he was late.

                                             Or

  • Indirect: He regreted and said that he was late.

  1. Direct: The boy said to the teacher, "I am sorry, I couldn't do my homework."

  • Indirect: The boy expressed regretted to his respectfully teacher saying  that he hadn't been able to do his homework.


NOTE

1, यदि (inverted Comma) के भीतर Term of Addres (संबोधन के शब्द) आएं तो उन्हें Object में बदल दें या उन्हें Adress .as के बाद रखें Ex.

  1. The teacher said, "Ram, I am pleased with you."

  • The teacher told Ram that he was pleased with him.

  1. The leader said, "Ladies & Gentlemen, I should think you all."

  • The leader told Ladies & Gentlemen that he should be thought them all.

ऐसे वाक्यो को परिवर्तन इस प्रकार न करें।–

  1. The teacher said, "Ram, I am pleased with you."

  • The teacher said that Ram, he was pleased with him.(X)

2. यदि Inverted Comma के अंदर (O, well, you, see आदि प्रकार के शब्द संबोधन के लिए प्रयोग किया जाए तो सबसे आसान तरीका यह है कि हम उन्हें उड़ा दें अर्थात बिल्कुल ही छोड़ दें। जैसे–

  1. Direct: The teacher said, "Well Mohan, I shall punish you."

  • Indirect: The teacher told mohan that he would punish him.

3. यदि Inverted Commas कर अंदर स्वागत या विदाई (Welcome or Farewell) जैसे–

Good Morning, Good Night आदि प्रकार के शब्द आएं , तो Idiom के अनुसार इनके पहले  (Bid) या (Wish) जोड़कर इन्हें Reporting Verb से पहले रख देना चाहिए।, ' that' के बाद नही जैसे–


  1. Direct: My friend said to me, "Good Morning! I'm happy to see you."

  • Indirect: My friend wished me good morning and said that he was happy to see me.

(4) यदि Inverted Commas के बीच एक से अधिक Assertive Sentence रहें तो 

उन्हें (and) से जोड़ देना चाहिए। या (Further added) आदि का प्रयोग कर सभी वाक्यों को मिला देने चाहिए।

क्योंकि बार बार (say) या (tell) का प्रयोग करने पर वाक्य लंबा व भद्दा हो जाता है। जैसे–


  1. Direct: The king said, "it is enough, My mother is yet alive. I will go and see her before I die."

  2. Indirect: The king said that it was enough; His mother was yet alive; he would go and see her before she died

यहां Inverted कमस के अंदर तीन वाक्य हैं, जो Assertive हैं और इसलिए Indirect Narration में तीनों ही को एक वाक्य बना दिया गया है। 

यही कारण है कि यहां (and) का प्रयोग हुआ है। यहां indirect Form इस प्रकार भी हो सकता है।


  1. Indirect: The king said that it was enough and that his mother was yet alive.

  2. Indirect: He further added that he would go and see her before he died.


















  1. Rule of Change Narrations (Interrogative)

Questions

Helping verb question

1D. He said to me, " Are you coming?

Changing words

1Ind. He asked me whether I was coming.

Wh family question

2D He said to me, " when are you coming?

Changing word

2Ind. He asked me when I was coming.

Interrogative sentences direct to indirect speech

  1. Said to => Asked, Quesnised, enquired, interrogated

  2. Question Mark (?) => Full stop (.)

  3. Formation interrogative => Helping Verb

  4. Tense, Pronoun => conjunction.

  5. Wh family                => Conjunction


  1. Simple Sentence

  2. Interrogative Sentence

  3. Imperative Sentence

  4. Exclamatory Sentence

  5. Optative Sentence.

Action 1 

  1. Sentence Identified that is/

Assertive, Interrogative, Imperative, Exclamative, or Optative?

  1. in R.V. Say, Says, Will Say

And R.S. has no change If universal truth

  1. Maximum five changes

Action 2

Indirect speech (5 changes)

  1. Reporting Verb

  2. Conjunction

  3. Pronoun

  4. Main verb

  5. Tense

  6. Time or Space

Example: Simple Sentence

Direct: 

Ram said to me, 

"I want to meet you today"

Indirect: 

Ram told (1) me that (2) he (3) wanted (4) to meet me (3) that day(5).

, Reporting verb (Said)-(Told)

2, Conjunction ("-")-(that)

3, Pronouns (I)-(he) , (you-me)

4, Tense (want) - (wanted)

5, Time and space (today)-(that day)

Interrogative Sentence (HV?+Sb)

1, Reporting verb (Said)-(Asked)

2, Conjunction ("-")-(If/whether)

3, Pronouns (I)-(he) , (you-me)

4, Tense (want) - (wanted)

5, Time and space (today)-(that day)

1

2a. 

2b, Interrogative Sentence (WH family)

1, Reporting verb (Said)-(Asked)

2, Conjunction ("-")-(WH+HV+Sb)

3, Pronouns (I)-(he) , (you-me)

4, Tense (is/am/are) - (was/were)

5, Time and space (today)-(that day)

Imprrative Sentence 

To Order / To Request /To Advice

1, Reporting verb (Said)-(Ordered/Instructed)/ (Requested/Urged) (Advised/Suggested)

2, Conjunction ("-")-(to)

3, Pronouns (I)-(he) , (you-me)

4, Tense (is/am/are) - (was/were)

5, Time and space (today)-(that day)

4.Excalmative Sentence 

Expressed Sorrow/Joy/Regret/Apploised/Wonder/Surprised

1, Reporting verb(Said)--->(Exclaimed with Sorrow / Joy / Regret / Applause/ Wonder / Surprised

2, Conjunction ("-")-(to

3, Pronouns (I)-(he) , (you-me)

4, Tense (is/am/are) - (was/were)

5, Time and space (today)-(that day)

To Prey) (To Wish) (To Bid/bade)

1, Reporting verb (Said)-

2, Conjunction ("-")-(preyed / Wished / Bade

3, Pronouns (I)-(he) , (you-me)

4, Tense (is/am/are) - (was/were)

5, Time and space (today)-(that day)












3. 



5. Optative Sentence 

(


CHART 1 (Change of Pronoun)

Reporting Speech -----> Reported Speech

He said to me, "You are my best friend".

If First Person (I, We) -- according to the SUBJECT of the Reporting Speech.

If Second Person (You) -- of the OBJECT of the Reporting Speech.

If Third Person (He, She, They, Any Name) -- NO CHANGE


I

We

You

He

She

They

My

Our

Your

His

Her

Their

Mine

Ours

Yours

His

Hers

Theirs

Me

Us

You

Him

Her

Them

Myself

Ourselves

Yourself

Yourselves

Himself

Herself

Themselves


CHART --2 (Change of Tense & Model)

Present 

Indefinite

Do / Does

Past.

Indefinite

 Did

Present. 

Continuous

Is/Amare

Past

Continuous

Was / Were

Present

Perfect

Has /Have

Past

Perfect

Had

Present

Continuous

Has/Have been

Past

Perfect(Had been

Continuous

Past

Indefinite

Did

Past

Perfect

Had

Past

Continuous

Was /Were

Past

Perfect Had Been

Continuous

Past

Perfect Had

No Change

Past

Perfect Hadbeen

Continuous

No Change

MODEL VERBS--3

Shall

Should

Can

Could

May

Might

Must

Had to

Has To /Have To

Had To



Change of..ime

Adjective, Adverb, 

This

That

This Day

That Day

These

Those

These Day

Those Day

Here

There

Now

Then

Today

The Day Before 

Yesterday

The Day Before

Tomorrow

The Following Day

At the Moment

At That Moment

Last Night

Last Year

The Night Before

The Year Before

The Next Day

The Following Day

Tonight

That night

Ago

Before/Earlier



Exercise 21

He said that he was fine.

He told me that he was fine.

He says that he is fine.

He tells me he is fine.

He will say that he is fine.

He will tell me that he is fine

He truly said that no one can without water. (universal truth)

He said that honesty is the best policy.

Ravi said that he was reading the book

Dad told Pankaj that he would not give him pocket money.

My friend said that he had been to England twice.

He said that he would be in Mumbai the following day.

He said that he would be using the bike next Monday

He said he could run fast than Ramesh

He said that he might buy a pen.

He said that Seema had to work hard

He said that he should meet me in the evening.

He asked me what I was doing.

He asked me what Shilpa was doing.

He asked me what he was doing.

He asked me where I lived.

He asked me how much money I had.

He asked Rahul when he would come.

He asked us if/whether we would come for the meeting.

The teacher ordered/instructed Rehman to stand upright then.

The doctor suggested/advised the patient to change his food habits.

She requested/urged her husband to speak the truth.

She requested Bobby to give her give a glass of water.

Boss ordered to follow him.

Anjli urged her Boss to grant her leave for a day.

She requested her friend not to tell a lie.

The principal ordered us not to make a noise.

Ayah exclaimed with joy that they had won the match.

My uncle exclaimed with applause that I had done a good job.

She exclaimed with sorrow that she had lost her pen.

Arnavi exclaimed with regret that she was late.

He exclaimed with wonder/surprise that he couldn't believe that.

Arabi exclaimed with surprise that he was unbelievably a great player.

She exclaimed with joy that it was very pleasant weather.

Neha exclaimed with sorrow she had lost her pen.

She exclaimed to me with wonder how I could be so foolish.

Arnavi exclaimed with wonder that it was unbelievable.

He wished his mom good morning

Arnavi bade her dad good night.

He wished that he had been a girl.

Aman wished that his friend had been there.

He prayed to God, Mayank might succeed in life.

Aman bade goodbye to his friend

Sachin wished me a good evening.

She wished me that I had been there that time

51, He told Ravi that he needed to go home with me

He asked me if he went to school daily.

He told me that he was my friend.

He said that Raveena had a car.

He said who I was.

He asked Shweta who she was to him.

My boss instructed me not to go there

He wished that he had been a girl.

He prayed to God I might succeed in life.

He exclaimed with sorrow he had missed it.

He asked Mayank whom he would meet that day.

He said that Ravi met him yesterday

He asked whether he was at home.

She wished that she had been at home.

He preyed that Subham might live long.

He asked how many people were there.

He said that I couldn't talk about him.

He told Meena that he had to consult a Doctor.

He requested to keep the Doctor ajar.

He prayed God I might earn Los of money

He exclaimed with wonder that Ranveer was so handsome.

He regretted that he had missed the chance.

He exclaimed with sorrow that the situation was so tragic.

He asked who they were.

He preyed Shweta might pass the interview that day.

My boss ordered me not to come inside the room.

He wished that she had been a teacher.

He prayed that I might score the 99 percentile in CAT.

My friend exclaimed with wonder that midday was a great rapper.

She bade Mayank goodbye

She wished her dad good morning.

She wished that Raveena had been there.

He prayed God that I might I've ling 

The doctor consulted the patient to stop drinking.

He exclaimed with regret that he was rude to me

He requested Shweta to speak the truth.

He requested me to keep the window open


.











Friday, 26 August 2022

एक पैमाना

यदि हम दुखी हैं तो कितने दुखी हैं तो उसका एक पैमाना होता है, पर यदि हम खुश हैं तो उसका कोई पैमाना नहीं होता। 

यह एक विचार है, जिस पर कई मतभेद हो सकते हैं। उन मतभेदों के कारण कई सवाल उठते हैं। आइये, इनका विश्लेषण पांच प्रकार के प्रश्न उठा कर करते हैं ।

प्रश्न भी पांच प्रकार के होते हैं; 'क्या, क्यों, कैसे, कब, व कौन'। जिनमें कौन व कहां हम सब की अपनी अवस्थाएं हैं कि 'कौन' 'कहां' व कब इन दुखों और खुशियों से गुजर रहा है या था। और 'क्या' के विषय में तो बात हो ही रही है।

रह गई बात 'क्यों व कैसे' की। ये सवाल बहुत गहन विचार वाले हैं कि जितनी गहराई में जाएगे उतने ही अधिक सवालों में उलझ जाएंगे। फिर किनारा ढूंढ पाने में परेशानी होगी। जिससे असल मुद्दे से भटकना कहा जाएगा। जैसे कि इस पोस्ट में भूमिका का इतना लंबा खींचे जाने से से आपको ही क्यों, मुझे ख़ुद को ही महसूस हो रहा है।

हमें आज थोड़े से थोड़े शब्दों में बड़ी से बड़ी घटना का पूरा विवरण नहीं बल्कि उसका सार चाहिए । पहले ऐसा न था । किसी घटना या विचार को कम से कम शब्दों में लिखना सबसे कठिन सवाल था और वो भी काव्य में ताकि रस भी बरकरार रहे वर्ना ध्यान इधर से उधर हुआ नहीं कि विषय तो दूर की बात उसे लिखने या सुनाने वाले का नाम, शक्ल व उसकी गुणवत्ता तक भुला दी जाती है।

चूंकि आज की व्यस्त जिंदगी में समय ही किसी के पास कहां है, जो हमारे 20 की उम्र पार करते ही होता था, जब यदि हम किताबी कीड़े थे तो धार्मिक पवर्ती के  होने के कारण अपने ग्रन्थ व उस संबधी पुस्तकें, यदि जरा चतुर थे तो जासूसी नॉवेल, यदि रोमांटिक थे तो प्रेम कथाओं की पत्रिका, यदि दिमाग में बचपना था तो  कॉमिक्स कार्टून में मस्त रहे।

इसी तरह यदि खेलकूद  में रुचि रखी तो अपने शरीर को ही हुष्ट-पुष्ट बनाने में लगे रहे। यदि कमाने गंवाने के इलावा कुछ नहीं किया तो घर वालों द्वारा बांध दिया गया खूंटे से, 22-25 की उम्र तक शादी करके। फिर जब जल्दी शादी हुई तो बच्चे भी जल्दी ही होंगे। उसके बात  समाज सुधार, क्या धर्म-कर्म की बातें, सब कुछ भी खूंटी से टँगा जाता है।

ये तो थे घरेलू दुख-सुख जो दो पलों से लेकर ज्यादा से ज्यादा दो दिनों तक होते हैं। पर यहां ऐसे बनावटी व टेम्पररी दुख सुख की बात नहीं हो रही है । बल्कि वो पल हैं जो अकेले बैठकर अपने आप से बात करते हुए महसूस cont..

6. Preposition

PREPOSITION
Kind of Preposition
Simple Preposition
Compound Preposition
Phrasal Preposition
Participle Preposition
Typical position Preposition
 Classification of Preposition
Some important Devta about Preposition cr


The proposition is a word place before (preposition) a noun or pronoun to show its relation with a verb, an adjective or another moun. It is generally placed between a verb and a noun or pronoun.
{Preposition शब्द का अर्थ है--वह जो पहले रखा जाएगा।
Examples :
I. There is a cow in the field.
Ii He is fond of tea.
Iii The cat jumped off the chair.
Note: preposition के बारे में कोई certain नियम नहीं है बल्कि सतत अभ्यास के माध्यम से यह कंठस्त कर लेना आवश्यक है कि word के बाद कौन सा preposition देना suitable होगा। confusion की स्थिति में अविलंब Dictionary consult करना चाहिए।


Kind of Preposition
Preposition को मुख्य चार भागों में वर्गीकरण किया जाता है।
Simple Preposition
Compound Preposition
Phrasal Preposition
Participle Preposition
Simple Proposition
जैसे-- At, in, for, from, of, off, on, out, till, to up, with, through, down, by, etc. अधिकांश Preposition एक शब्द के होते हैं, उन्हें Simple Preposition या single word preposition कहा जाता है।
II. Compound Preposition
ये preposition; a या be + या in अन्य preposition के साथ मिलकर बनते हैं
About
Along
Amidst
Among
Aloud
Beside
Below
Beneath
Between
Beyond
Inside
Outside
Within
Without
Underneath


NOTE
ऐसे Preposition का Formation Noun/Adjective/Adverb के द्वारा होता है किंतु इनका प्रयोग Preposition जैसा होता है।
 (a=no, या be=by)









III. Phrasal Prepositions
दो या अधिक शब्दों को जोड़ कर बनने वाले Preposition, Phrasal Prepositions कहलाते हैं 
Examples : 
Along-with
Because-of
By mean-of
For the sake-of
In favour of-with
In accordance+by
In addition-to
In case+of
In course-of
With reference-to
With regard-to
In respect -to
In place of
In spite of
Owing to
In comparison to
Instead of
According to





IV. Participle Prepositions
जब वाक्य में Present participle का प्रयोग बिना noun/pronoun के होता है, तो Present Participle एक Prepositions की तरह function करता है।
NOTE
व्यावहारिक कार्य के लिए ये Prepositions हो गए हैं और कभी कभी ये Participle Prepositions के रूप में जाने जाते हैं।
Examples :
Concerning, Pending, Regarding, Considering, Touching, etc.
=> Pending enquiry into the matter, he was transferred from the office.
=> मामले की जांच लंबित रहने तक उनका कार्यालय से तबादला कर दिया गया।
=>  Considering the quality, the prices are reasonable.
 =>  गुणवत्ता को ध्यान में रखते हुए, कीमतें उचित हैं।


2. Typical Position of Preposition 
# जब object के रूप में Interrogative pronoun; जैसे--What, Who, Whom, Which, Where etc. का प्रयोग किया जाता है तो Prepositions को वाक्य के अंत में लगाया जाता है।
Examples :
=> What are you thinking of?
=> What is you crying for?
=> Which of these chairs did you sit on?
# ऊपर दिए What; Who, Which आदि Interrogative sentences हैं जो prepositions के object हैं।


जब Object--Relative -Pronoun : 'that' होता है तो भी preposition को sentence के अंत मे  लगाया जाता है।
Examples : 
=> Here is the newspaper that you asked for.
=> This is the dish that he is fond of.
NOTE
# यदि Relative Pronoun Possessive case में है तो prepositions का प्रयोग Possessive Relative pronoun के पहले किया जाता है या verb के बाद में जैसे--
=> The man is whose problem you are intrested is a perfect gentleman.


जब Object Infinite हो तो Prepositions को infinite के बाद लगाया जाता है।
Examples :
=> I need a pen to write with.
=> It is a beautiful house to live in.
NOTE
'But' और 'Except' इस नियम के दो अपवाद हैं--कि इन दोनों के बाद Infinitive को 'To' अर्थत prepositions के बाद लिखा जाता है। जैसे--
=> My friend does nothing but complain.
=> She would be everything well except reach the office in time.


कई वाक्यों में Relative Pronoun hidden (छिपा हुआ) रहता है इनमें prepositions अंत में आता है।
Examples :
=>  Here is the officer I was referring to .(whom)


कुछ वाक्यों में Preposition का प्रयोग शुरू में ही किया जाता है, समान्यतः यह वाक्य Interrogative होते हैं
Examples :
=> By which train did you come?
=> For whom was instructions given?


यदि Verb 'To be' अर्थात am/is/are/was/were का प्रयोग main verb में हो तो  Prepositions का प्रयोग वाक्य के अंत मे किया जाता है।
Examples :
=> Who is it for?
=> What was it about?
=> What is she like?


यदि एक किर्या (a verb)  न कि एक Infinitive preposition के तुरंत बाद रखी जाती है तो Verb, Gerund form में की जाती है।
Examples :
=> She is tired of waiting for anyone.
=> We are looking forward to seeing you


यदि कोई sentence active voice में होता है तब preposition noun/pronoun से पहले आता है। और वह noun/pronoun object of के रूप में कार्य करता है।
Examples: 
This investigation team will look into the case.
लेकिन passive voice में Preposition को verb के बाद रखा जाता है।
Examples:
This case will be looked into.
She is laughed at.
यधपि, answer, approach, ask, attack, enter, (I.e. go in)  and resemble (transitive verbs) हैं।
Mostly students इनके पश्चात Preposition का प्रयोग करते हैं जो कि गलत है।
Examples: 
America attacked Japan. (Not attacked to)
He resemble his father. (Not resemble to)
I will wait till you enter the gate. (Not enter to)
लेकिन जब enter का प्रयोग "भाग लेने" या शुरू करने के अर्थ में हो तो इसके बाद "into" का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
Examples:
Vijayshree entered into a discussion.
He entered into an agreement.
Note:  यदि verbs Transitive हो अर्थात इसके साथ कोई  Noun या Pronoun आता है तो Preposition का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता है।
She gave me a money. (gave what_a book.)
He killed a dog. (Kill whom_a dog)
Transitive Verb की पहचान: Verb के बाद 'क्या' या 'किसको' (What) या (Whom) रखने से यदि कोई प्रतिकिर्या (response) नहीं आती है। तो यह transitive Verb होती है और जब कोई response नहीं आती है तो यह In-transitive verb होतो है। और इसके बाद Preposition का प्रयोग अवश्य किया जाता है।
Examples:
He looked at the picture.
Kanchan sat on the table.


2. Classification of Preposition
Preposition of Direction
To , Towards, For, Along, Against, Across, Up, Down, Into. Uses:
To का प्रयोग लक्ष्य (Destination) बताने के लिए किया जाता है।
Example:
He is going to the station.
Towards का अर्थ है 'की ओर' (in the direction of) 
यह दिशा बताता है न कि लक्ष्य (Destination)
He is going towards the station.
For का प्रयोग भी Preposition of Direction के रूप  में Destination बताने के लिए होता है।
He is leaving for Delhi tonight.
Along  'के साथ' 'किनारे किनारे'।
He walks along the road.
She walks along the Bank of the River.
Against का प्रयोग कई अर्थों में किया जाता है।
प्रतिकूल, के विपरीत।(Opposite)
It's difficult to sail against current.
करंट के खिलाफ चलना मुश्किल है
'से सटकर', 'से लगी' (pressing on)
There is a ladder against the wall.
दीवार के विपरीत एक सीढ़ी है
It's leaning against the tree.
यह पेड़ उल्टी दिशा में झुक रहा है
There is a ladder against the wall.
दीवार के अगेंस्ट एक सीढ़ी है।
               (c) के विरुद्ध, (in contravention of)
            One must not go  against the  laws of  the country.
किसी को देश के कानूनों के खिलाफ नहीं जाना चाहिए।
6.  Across का प्रयोग भी कई अर्थों में आता है।
के उस पार (on the opposite side of)
My best friend lives across the River.
 इस पर से उस पार तक (from one side to another)
A bridge is laid across the River.
दोनों तरफ (both side)
                  He threw the luggage across his shoulders.
               (d) go across (से होकर गुजरना)
   Rita and Ravi were going across the field.
(e)    come across अचानक मुलाकात होना
 When I was going to market, I come across Mohan.     
Come across के साथ कभी भी suddenly या with नहीं  प्रयोग होता।
7. Up (ऊपर)
   He climbed up the tree.
8.  Down (नीचे)
Mani climbed down the tree.
9. Into (में) का प्रयोग अंदर की तरफ की गति के लिए किया जाता है।
A dog fell into the well.
She went into the room.


3. Classification Preposition
(II) Prepositions of Place/Positions
At, in, On, Above, Bellow, Over, Under, Between, Among, Amongst, Amid, Amidst, Before, Behind, With, Beside, Besides.
At (में) का प्रयोग छोटे स्थानों के नाम से पहले।
He lives at Samastipur.
They are at home.
In (मेँ) का पृयोग बड़े स्थानों के नाम से पहले।
You live in Kolkata.
We live in India.
On (पर) का पृयोग स्थान के लिए।
  The books are lying on the table.
There is a cup  on his hand. 
Above तथा Below (ऊपर/नीचे) का प्रयोग level बताने के लिए होता है।
The aeroplane is flying above the clouds.
This work is below my dignity.
Over and Under (ऊपर/नीचे) का प्रयोग vertical position बताने के लिए होता है।
There is a fan over your head.
A cat is sitting under the table.
Between (दो के बीच) के प्रयोग के संबध में निम्नलिखत तथ्यों को देखें।
Between का प्रयोग दो वस्तुओं या व्यक्तियों के लिए होता है।
 Sunita is sitting between Moti and Meer
Distribute the sweets between the two children.
Among (बीच,दो से अधिक)
Among का प्रयोग हमेशा दो से अधिक गिनती व्यक्ति, वस्तुओं के लिए होता है।
The Chief Minister distributed the blankets among (Amid) the poor.
The headmaster distributed the books among (amid) the poor students.
Amongst (अगिनती के बीच) का प्रयोग उन व्यक्तियों या वस्तुओं के बीच का है जो गिनती से बाहर है।
Amongst (Amidst)the boys.
Amongst (Amidst)the trees.
Before (के सामने/के आगे) 
Kalpna is sitting before you.
He appeared before the judge.
 Behind (के पीछे)
She was running behind her brother.
He hid himself behind the curtain.
With (औज़ार के साथ) का प्रयोग किसी equipment व औज़ार के पहले किया जाता है।
He is writing with pen.
Beside (की बगल में) का प्रयोग by the side of तथा next to (उसके बाद) के लिए किया जाता है। तथा besides का प्रयोग in addition (के अलावा) तथा over and above all के अतिरिक्त के लिए किया जाता है।
Go and sit beside Radha.
Besides me, four persons were there.


(III) Preposition of Time.


At, on, for since, before, after, within, in, till, during, from


At का प्रयोग 'घँटा' (hour) बताने वाले, शब्दों के साथ;
He comes here at 8 o' clock
She was reading a novel at 9 a.m.
फिर
At down, at day break, at sunrise, at noon, at sunset,, at night, at midnight, at party etc.
On का प्रयोग दिन (Day) के नाम तथा date के पहले।
You should come here on Monday.
He will be open the shop on 22nd october.
For का प्रयोग Period of Time. के साथ होता है
He has lived here for a month.
They has been working in this office for two years.
Note: For का प्रयोग preposition of Time के लिए continuous tense नही होता  है जैसे:
Manisha is reading for an hour. (X)
He has been reading for an hour. (√)
You are sleeping for an hour. (X)
You have been sleeping for an hour.(√)
ईन वाक्यों को Present Perfect या Present Perfect continuous में रखना होगा।
4. Since :का प्रयोग Period of Time के साथ होता है।
=> He has been absent since May.
=> He has been living in America since 1990.
Note: Since का प्रयोग Preposition of Time के रुओ में सिर्फ Present Perfect Present Perfect Continuous  में होता है।
5. After तथा Before : preposition के रूप मे After का प्रयोग Past Tense में Period of Time या Point of Time के साथ होता है।
👉 Hr married Sangita after Vasant Panchami.
👉 You left London after your result.
इन वाक्यों में 'vasant panchami' तथा 'your result' points of Time hain.
फिर देखें:-
=> Jayant returned this book to me 'after a month' किन्तु After तथा before का प्रयोग Future Tense में हमेशा  Point of Time के साथ होता है।
=> I will complete my work before October.
=> I will start some new business after Monday.
Note;
=> He will do it after a week.
=> They will jon our company before a month.
(See the rule of duration of the time "for/since.)
इन दोनों वाक्यों में after और before का प्रयोग हालत है क्योंकि  इसका प्रयोग a week तथा a month के पहले कर दिया गया है जो point of time है।
6. In and within : Preposition of Time के रूप मे future tense के अर्थ में  In तथा before के अर्थ में Within का प्रयोग Period  of Time से पहले होता है। 
=> She will be informed you in a month.
=> We will manage everything within a year.
7. Till/Until : का प्रयोग Point of Time के साथ होता है।
=> You are to stay in bed until/till Monday next
=> They will wait for you until/till Monday next.
8. By : का प्रयोग Preposition ऑफ Time के रूप में Point of Time के साथ होता है।
=> By Sunday I had been exhausted.
=> Johan will have reached  by Thursday next.
9. During : का प्रयोग अवधि (Duration) बताने के लिए किया जाता है।
=> During the war, many people suffered hardship
=> What will you do during the summer vacation?
10. From : From का प्रयोग Point of Time के साथ Past Tense  या Future Tense में होता है।
=> My friends lived with me from September to November.
=> He will start coming here from next month.


Some Important Facts About Preposition
Generally, After Preposition, Objective Case  is used
Examples:
She doesn't respond upon them.
He relies on me.

 (2) When both words to any conjunctions (and या or)  आदि से जोड़ना हो तो जिनके बाद भिन्न भिन्न prepositions लगाते हैं तो इन शब्दों के साथ प्रयोग करने वाले prepositions को स्पष्ट कर देना चाहिए।
She is conscious of and engaged in her work.
He was surprised as well as pleased with her performance.
(3) Some words Prepositions and adverb दोनों रूप में प्रयोग होते है जैसे
 Across, Along, Down, In, Near, off, On, Over Round, Through, Under, Up  
When these Noun, pronoun and Gerund after comes, and when these alone  are used then adverb.
The boy climbed up the stairs. (P)
The boy went up. (Adverb)

(4)  A, This, that, every next, last, today, yesterday, etc यदि किसी Noun के पूर्व आते हैं तो इनके साथ at, in, on का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता है।
Examples:
Vinay will come Agra (in) next month.
I saw him (on) last Sunday.

(a). लेकिन यदि Noun पहले और Adjective बाद में आए, तो  preposition का प्रयोग होता है
Examples:
On Monday next, in June next.
On Monday last, In March last.

(b) Tomorrow (future), Yesterday (Past) and Today (Present) before never Preposition (at/on/in)
Examples:
I shall see you tomorrow.
He reached Agra yesterday.
I'm living in Delhi today.

© Though, Yesterday evening/afternoon tomorrow morning, sweekar ago before  no preposition.
(d) After yesterday and tomorrow is used morning/afternoon/evening.
But after 'today' is not used morning/afternoon/evening
NOTE;
Today morning/afternoon/evening or last evening is wrong.
These places are used 'this morning/afternoon/evening or yesterday evening.

(e) 'Today night' placed 'tonight,
 'yesterday night' placed 'last night's
and last evening was placed yesterday.
Whereas 'tomorrow night 'is right.
(f) After come, go, arrive, get, send  take, bring is added 'home. 
then before is not used  any preposition
Because 'home' is an Adverb.
Examples:
He comes home at 5 P.M.
She goes home every Sunday.

But if before 'home' Adjective of  possessive case 
My, Your, His, Her, Their, Tam's, Uncle's etc.
Then 'home before 'to is used
Examples:
They will go to their home.
Army will come to home.

If means of home with that place where someone lives means works there, before home is used 'at' 
Examples:
Your father is at home.
If you are unfit, stay at home.
But, Tell, Order, Allow, Comple,  Invite, with to is used.

Examples:
He invited me to dinner
They allowed me to go home.
Ram's father compelled Ram to resign.







(1), Accused of
He accused me of killing him. आरोप
The culprit was accused of murder. अपराधी

(2) Afraid of
My sister is afraid of dog. डर
The thief was afraid of being nocked door.

लेकिन कहीं कहीं afraid के बाद infinite (to) आता है तो किसी preposition का प्रयोग नहीं करते हैं।
She was (afraid to) go near the barking dog.

(3) Angry with / at / about
Angry with का प्रयोग person के साथ परन्तु , angry at something one does or say thing का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
I was angry at what he said. (जो उसने कहा उप पर गुस्सा)
What are you angry about? (किस बारे में गुस्सा)

(4) Approve (of) के साथ (of) का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
The teacher doesn't approve of student's action. मंजूर
I didn't approve of smoking in the office.

(5) Arrive at / in (पहुँचना) के बाद छोटी जगह के लिए (at) तथा बड़ी जगह के लिए (in) का प्रयोग किया जाता है। किसी arrive के बाद अगर here, there, somewhere, anywhere, 
या nowhere रहता है तो  arrive के बाद किसी preposition का प्रयोग नही किया जाता है।
We arrived at college late.
The president of India arrived here only.

(6) Differ with a person  and Differ from a thing होता है
Nylon differs from ink.
My friend differs with me on this matter.
The C.M. differs with the governor on this issue.
How does it differ from the other.

(7) Different from : (से अलग)
My book is different from your book.
My building different from the other.

(8) जब कोई किसी बीमारी (disease/illness) से मरता है तो (die) के साथ (of) का प्रयोग करते हैं परंतु वह जब किसी और कारण से या कोई दूसरा कार्य करने से मरता है तो (die) के साथ (from) का प्रयोग होता है।
Many people in Europe  died of Cancer.
Mr.Ravi died of Maleriya.
Raju dies from over eating.
His friend died from loss of blood.

(9) जब cure of (इलाज) का प्रयोग  verb के रूप में होता है तो उसके बाद (of) का प्रयोग किया जाता है
पर जब cure (a remedy) noun के रूप में हो तो उसके साथ (for) का प्रयोग करते हैं।

The doctor will cure your friend of dysentery. (पेचिश)
He is cured of cold.
What will be the best cure for a cold.

(10) Careful/ Careless (of /to V1) के बाद प्रायः (of) लगता है 
पर जब careful के बाद infinitive (to) आता है तब careful के बाद कोई preposition नहीं आयेगा। (ध्यानपूर्वक /लापरवाही)
Jyoti is very careful of her health.
Ram was quite careless of danger.
Be careful not (to go) there at night.
He was careful (to see) that the door was locked up.

(11) Boast of (डींग मारना / Boast about (बढ़ा चढ़ा के बोलना)
A noble (महान) man doesn't boast of his success.
Ram boasts of his achachieveme

(12)  Marry का प्रयोग जब Active Voice में किया जाता है तो Preposition का use नही किया जाता, परन्तु Passive Voice में Marry के साथ (to) का प्रयोग होगा।
Shyam married his sister.
Shyam is marry to Sita.


NOTE
जब marry के बाद कोई Direct object नही हो तो Marry पर (get married) का use किया जाता है जैसे:
"When are you going to get married?"
"Ram and Radha got married last year."

(13) Made of / Made from:
जब कोई चीज (substance) किसी दूसरी नई वस्तु में बदल जाती है तो made from का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
परन्तु जब original material नहीं बदलता किन्तु एक नई चीज (object)  में परिणत हो जाता है तब (of) का प्रयोह किया जाता है। made of
Curd is made from milk
Her saari is made of silk.

(14) समान्यता Helpful के साथ  (to), Interested के साथ (in) proud के बाद  saath (of) का use किया जाता है।
We are proud of our knowledge.
Jyoti is very interested in English.
Tam's suggestions were helpful to him

(15) 








Nouns + Prepositions: FOR
List of noun combinations with the preposition FOR in English.

A check for (amount of money)
Reason for
Admiration for
Advertisement for
Approval for
Arguments for
Bid for
Case for
Credit for
Cure for
Demand for
Desire for
Fondness for
Hatred for
Love for
Need for
Preference for
Recipe for
Reputation for
Respect for
Responsibility for
Room for
Search for
Talent for
Thirst for


Useful list of common noun and preposition collocations in English.
Nouns and Prepositions: OF
Useful noun collocations with the preposition OF in English.
A cause of
A photograph of
Address of
Advantage of
Awareness of
Disadvantage of
Exhibition of
Experience of
Fear of
Grasp of
Habit of
Knowledge of
Love of
Member of
Memory of
Method of
Possibility of
Problem of
Process of
Risk of
Understanding of
Cause of 
Example of
Way of
Relevance of


Noun Preposition Collocations: WITH
Learn common noun combinations with the preposition WITH in English.

Arguments with
Concern with
Connection with
Contact with
Date with
Dealings with
Difficulty with
Involvement with
Link with
Meeting with
Quarrel with
Relationship with
Sympathy with










Nouns + Prepositions: IN
Learn useful collocations with the preposition IN in English.

A decrease in
A fall in
A rise in
An increase in
Belief in
Change in
Course in
Delay in
Difference in
Difficulty in
Experience in
Growth in
Interest in
Lesson in
Participation in
Place in
Success in


Noun Preposition Collocations: TO
Learn nouns & prepositions collocations: common collocations with TO.

Access to
Addiction to
Allusion to
An attitude to
An invitation to
Approach to
Change to
Concern to
Contribution to
Damage to
Dedication to
Desire to
Devotion to
Invitation to
Newcomer to
Reaction to
Reason to
Reference to
Relevance to
Resistance to
Response to
Solution to
Threat to
Transition to
Visit to


Noun Preposition Collocations: ABOUT
Agreement about
Anxiety about
Concern about
Confusion about
Debate about
Decision about
Information about
Story about


Nouns + Prepositions: ON
Debate on / पर बहस
Information on / इस पर जानकारी
Hold on / जमे रहो
Agreement on / समझौते पर
Ban on / पर प्रतिबंध ।
Congratulations on / पर बधाई
Decision on / निर्णय पर
Report on / पर रिपोर्ट करें


Nouns + Prepositions: FROM
Excerpt from / से अंश
एक फिल्म, प्रसारण, या संगीत या लेखन का एक छोटा अंश।
Transition from /  से संक्रमण


Nouns + Prepositions: OVER
Authority over / अधिकार खत्म।
Control over / के ऊपर नियंत्रण।


Nouns + Prepositions: BETWEEN
A link between / के बीच।
A connection between / के बीच एक कड़ी।
A contact between two / दो के बीच एक संपर्क।
A difference between two / दो के बीच का अंतर।
A relationship between / के बीच एक रिश्ता।
Bond between / के बीच का बंधन ।