PREPOSITION
Kind of Preposition
Simple Preposition
Compound Preposition
Phrasal Preposition
Participle Preposition
Typical position Preposition
Classification of Preposition
Some important Devta about Preposition cr
The proposition is a word place before (preposition) a noun or pronoun to show its relation with a verb, an adjective or another moun. It is generally placed between a verb and a noun or pronoun.
{Preposition शब्द का अर्थ है--वह जो पहले रखा जाएगा।
Examples :
I. There is a cow in the field.
Ii He is fond of tea.
Iii The cat jumped off the chair.
Note: preposition के बारे में कोई certain नियम नहीं है बल्कि सतत अभ्यास के माध्यम से यह कंठस्त कर लेना आवश्यक है कि word के बाद कौन सा preposition देना suitable होगा। confusion की स्थिति में अविलंब Dictionary consult करना चाहिए।
Kind of Preposition
Preposition को मुख्य चार भागों में वर्गीकरण किया जाता है।
Simple Preposition
Compound Preposition
Phrasal Preposition
Participle Preposition
Simple Proposition
जैसे-- At, in, for, from, of, off, on, out, till, to up, with, through, down, by, etc. अधिकांश Preposition एक शब्द के होते हैं, उन्हें Simple Preposition या single word preposition कहा जाता है।
II. Compound Preposition
ये preposition; a या be + या in अन्य preposition के साथ मिलकर बनते हैं
About
Along
Amidst
Among
Aloud
Beside
Below
Beneath
Between
Beyond
Inside
Outside
Within
Without
Underneath
NOTE
ऐसे Preposition का Formation Noun/Adjective/Adverb के द्वारा होता है किंतु इनका प्रयोग Preposition जैसा होता है।
(a=no, या be=by)
III. Phrasal Prepositions
दो या अधिक शब्दों को जोड़ कर बनने वाले Preposition, Phrasal Prepositions कहलाते हैं
Examples :
Along-with
Because-of
By mean-of
For the sake-of
In favour of-with
In accordance+by
In addition-to
In case+of
In course-of
With reference-to
With regard-to
In respect -to
In place of
In spite of
Owing to
In comparison to
Instead of
According to
IV. Participle Prepositions
जब वाक्य में Present participle का प्रयोग बिना noun/pronoun के होता है, तो Present Participle एक Prepositions की तरह function करता है।
NOTE
व्यावहारिक कार्य के लिए ये Prepositions हो गए हैं और कभी कभी ये Participle Prepositions के रूप में जाने जाते हैं।
Examples :
Concerning, Pending, Regarding, Considering, Touching, etc.
=> Pending enquiry into the matter, he was transferred from the office.
=> मामले की जांच लंबित रहने तक उनका कार्यालय से तबादला कर दिया गया।
=> Considering the quality, the prices are reasonable.
=> गुणवत्ता को ध्यान में रखते हुए, कीमतें उचित हैं।
2. Typical Position of Preposition
# जब object के रूप में Interrogative pronoun; जैसे--What, Who, Whom, Which, Where etc. का प्रयोग किया जाता है तो Prepositions को वाक्य के अंत में लगाया जाता है।
Examples :
=> What are you thinking of?
=> What is you crying for?
=> Which of these chairs did you sit on?
# ऊपर दिए What; Who, Which आदि Interrogative sentences हैं जो prepositions के object हैं।
जब Object--Relative -Pronoun : 'that' होता है तो भी preposition को sentence के अंत मे लगाया जाता है।
Examples :
=> Here is the newspaper that you asked for.
=> This is the dish that he is fond of.
NOTE
# यदि Relative Pronoun Possessive case में है तो prepositions का प्रयोग Possessive Relative pronoun के पहले किया जाता है या verb के बाद में जैसे--
=> The man is whose problem you are intrested is a perfect gentleman.
जब Object Infinite हो तो Prepositions को infinite के बाद लगाया जाता है।
Examples :
=> I need a pen to write with.
=> It is a beautiful house to live in.
NOTE
'But' और 'Except' इस नियम के दो अपवाद हैं--कि इन दोनों के बाद Infinitive को 'To' अर्थत prepositions के बाद लिखा जाता है। जैसे--
=> My friend does nothing but complain.
=> She would be everything well except reach the office in time.
कई वाक्यों में Relative Pronoun hidden (छिपा हुआ) रहता है इनमें prepositions अंत में आता है।
Examples :
=> Here is the officer I was referring to .(whom)
कुछ वाक्यों में Preposition का प्रयोग शुरू में ही किया जाता है, समान्यतः यह वाक्य Interrogative होते हैं
Examples :
=> By which train did you come?
=> For whom was instructions given?
यदि Verb 'To be' अर्थात am/is/are/was/were का प्रयोग main verb में हो तो Prepositions का प्रयोग वाक्य के अंत मे किया जाता है।
Examples :
=> Who is it for?
=> What was it about?
=> What is she like?
यदि एक किर्या (a verb) न कि एक Infinitive preposition के तुरंत बाद रखी जाती है तो Verb, Gerund form में की जाती है।
Examples :
=> She is tired of waiting for anyone.
=> We are looking forward to seeing you
यदि कोई sentence active voice में होता है तब preposition noun/pronoun से पहले आता है। और वह noun/pronoun object of के रूप में कार्य करता है।
Examples:
This investigation team will look into the case.
लेकिन passive voice में Preposition को verb के बाद रखा जाता है।
Examples:
This case will be looked into.
She is laughed at.
यधपि, answer, approach, ask, attack, enter, (I.e. go in) and resemble (transitive verbs) हैं।
Mostly students इनके पश्चात Preposition का प्रयोग करते हैं जो कि गलत है।
Examples:
America attacked Japan. (Not attacked to)
He resemble his father. (Not resemble to)
I will wait till you enter the gate. (Not enter to)
लेकिन जब enter का प्रयोग "भाग लेने" या शुरू करने के अर्थ में हो तो इसके बाद "into" का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
Examples:
Vijayshree entered into a discussion.
He entered into an agreement.
Note: यदि verbs Transitive हो अर्थात इसके साथ कोई Noun या Pronoun आता है तो Preposition का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता है।
She gave me a money. (gave what_a book.)
He killed a dog. (Kill whom_a dog)
Transitive Verb की पहचान: Verb के बाद 'क्या' या 'किसको' (What) या (Whom) रखने से यदि कोई प्रतिकिर्या (response) नहीं आती है। तो यह transitive Verb होती है और जब कोई response नहीं आती है तो यह In-transitive verb होतो है। और इसके बाद Preposition का प्रयोग अवश्य किया जाता है।
Examples:
He looked at the picture.
Kanchan sat on the table.
2. Classification of Preposition
Preposition of Direction
To , Towards, For, Along, Against, Across, Up, Down, Into. Uses:
To का प्रयोग लक्ष्य (Destination) बताने के लिए किया जाता है।
Example:
He is going to the station.
Towards का अर्थ है 'की ओर' (in the direction of)
यह दिशा बताता है न कि लक्ष्य (Destination)
He is going towards the station.
For का प्रयोग भी Preposition of Direction के रूप में Destination बताने के लिए होता है।
He is leaving for Delhi tonight.
Along 'के साथ' 'किनारे किनारे'।
He walks along the road.
She walks along the Bank of the River.
Against का प्रयोग कई अर्थों में किया जाता है।
प्रतिकूल, के विपरीत।(Opposite)
It's difficult to sail against current.
करंट के खिलाफ चलना मुश्किल है
'से सटकर', 'से लगी' (pressing on)
There is a ladder against the wall.
दीवार के विपरीत एक सीढ़ी है
It's leaning against the tree.
यह पेड़ उल्टी दिशा में झुक रहा है
There is a ladder against the wall.
दीवार के अगेंस्ट एक सीढ़ी है।
(c) के विरुद्ध, (in contravention of)
One must not go against the laws of the country.
किसी को देश के कानूनों के खिलाफ नहीं जाना चाहिए।
6. Across का प्रयोग भी कई अर्थों में आता है।
के उस पार (on the opposite side of)
My best friend lives across the River.
इस पर से उस पार तक (from one side to another)
A bridge is laid across the River.
दोनों तरफ (both side)
He threw the luggage across his shoulders.
(d) go across (से होकर गुजरना)
Rita and Ravi were going across the field.
(e) come across अचानक मुलाकात होना
When I was going to market, I come across Mohan.
Come across के साथ कभी भी suddenly या with नहीं प्रयोग होता।
7. Up (ऊपर)
He climbed up the tree.
8. Down (नीचे)
Mani climbed down the tree.
9. Into (में) का प्रयोग अंदर की तरफ की गति के लिए किया जाता है।
A dog fell into the well.
She went into the room.
3. Classification Preposition
(II) Prepositions of Place/Positions
At, in, On, Above, Bellow, Over, Under, Between, Among, Amongst, Amid, Amidst, Before, Behind, With, Beside, Besides.
At (में) का प्रयोग छोटे स्थानों के नाम से पहले।
He lives at Samastipur.
They are at home.
In (मेँ) का पृयोग बड़े स्थानों के नाम से पहले।
You live in Kolkata.
We live in India.
On (पर) का पृयोग स्थान के लिए।
The books are lying on the table.
There is a cup on his hand.
Above तथा Below (ऊपर/नीचे) का प्रयोग level बताने के लिए होता है।
The aeroplane is flying above the clouds.
This work is below my dignity.
Over and Under (ऊपर/नीचे) का प्रयोग vertical position बताने के लिए होता है।
There is a fan over your head.
A cat is sitting under the table.
Between (दो के बीच) के प्रयोग के संबध में निम्नलिखत तथ्यों को देखें।
Between का प्रयोग दो वस्तुओं या व्यक्तियों के लिए होता है।
Sunita is sitting between Moti and Meer
Distribute the sweets between the two children.
Among (बीच,दो से अधिक)
Among का प्रयोग हमेशा दो से अधिक गिनती व्यक्ति, वस्तुओं के लिए होता है।
The Chief Minister distributed the blankets among (Amid) the poor.
The headmaster distributed the books among (amid) the poor students.
Amongst (अगिनती के बीच) का प्रयोग उन व्यक्तियों या वस्तुओं के बीच का है जो गिनती से बाहर है।
Amongst (Amidst)the boys.
Amongst (Amidst)the trees.
Before (के सामने/के आगे)
Kalpna is sitting before you.
He appeared before the judge.
Behind (के पीछे)
She was running behind her brother.
He hid himself behind the curtain.
With (औज़ार के साथ) का प्रयोग किसी equipment व औज़ार के पहले किया जाता है।
He is writing with pen.
Beside (की बगल में) का प्रयोग by the side of तथा next to (उसके बाद) के लिए किया जाता है। तथा besides का प्रयोग in addition (के अलावा) तथा over and above all के अतिरिक्त के लिए किया जाता है।
Go and sit beside Radha.
Besides me, four persons were there.
(III) Preposition of Time.
At, on, for since, before, after, within, in, till, during, from
At का प्रयोग 'घँटा' (hour) बताने वाले, शब्दों के साथ;
He comes here at 8 o' clock
She was reading a novel at 9 a.m.
फिर
At down, at day break, at sunrise, at noon, at sunset,, at night, at midnight, at party etc.
On का प्रयोग दिन (Day) के नाम तथा date के पहले।
You should come here on Monday.
He will be open the shop on 22nd october.
For का प्रयोग Period of Time. के साथ होता है
He has lived here for a month.
They has been working in this office for two years.
Note: For का प्रयोग preposition of Time के लिए continuous tense नही होता है जैसे:
Manisha is reading for an hour. (X)
He has been reading for an hour. (√)
You are sleeping for an hour. (X)
You have been sleeping for an hour.(√)
ईन वाक्यों को Present Perfect या Present Perfect continuous में रखना होगा।
4. Since :का प्रयोग Period of Time के साथ होता है।
=> He has been absent since May.
=> He has been living in America since 1990.
Note: Since का प्रयोग Preposition of Time के रुओ में सिर्फ Present Perfect Present Perfect Continuous में होता है।
5. After तथा Before : preposition के रूप मे After का प्रयोग Past Tense में Period of Time या Point of Time के साथ होता है।
👉 Hr married Sangita after Vasant Panchami.
👉 You left London after your result.
इन वाक्यों में 'vasant panchami' तथा 'your result' points of Time hain.
फिर देखें:-
=> Jayant returned this book to me 'after a month' किन्तु After तथा before का प्रयोग Future Tense में हमेशा Point of Time के साथ होता है।
=> I will complete my work before October.
=> I will start some new business after Monday.
Note;
=> He will do it after a week.
=> They will jon our company before a month.
(See the rule of duration of the time "for/since.)
इन दोनों वाक्यों में after और before का प्रयोग हालत है क्योंकि इसका प्रयोग a week तथा a month के पहले कर दिया गया है जो point of time है।
6. In and within : Preposition of Time के रूप मे future tense के अर्थ में In तथा before के अर्थ में Within का प्रयोग Period of Time से पहले होता है।
=> She will be informed you in a month.
=> We will manage everything within a year.
7. Till/Until : का प्रयोग Point of Time के साथ होता है।
=> You are to stay in bed until/till Monday next
=> They will wait for you until/till Monday next.
8. By : का प्रयोग Preposition ऑफ Time के रूप में Point of Time के साथ होता है।
=> By Sunday I had been exhausted.
=> Johan will have reached by Thursday next.
9. During : का प्रयोग अवधि (Duration) बताने के लिए किया जाता है।
=> During the war, many people suffered hardship
=> What will you do during the summer vacation?
10. From : From का प्रयोग Point of Time के साथ Past Tense या Future Tense में होता है।
=> My friends lived with me from September to November.
=> He will start coming here from next month.
Some Important Facts About Preposition
Generally, After Preposition, Objective Case is used
Examples:
She doesn't respond upon them.
He relies on me.
(2) When both words to any conjunctions (and या or) आदि से जोड़ना हो तो जिनके बाद भिन्न भिन्न prepositions लगाते हैं तो इन शब्दों के साथ प्रयोग करने वाले prepositions को स्पष्ट कर देना चाहिए।
She is conscious of and engaged in her work.
He was surprised as well as pleased with her performance.
(3) Some words Prepositions and adverb दोनों रूप में प्रयोग होते है जैसे
Across, Along, Down, In, Near, off, On, Over Round, Through, Under, Up
When these Noun, pronoun and Gerund after comes, and when these alone are used then adverb.
The boy climbed up the stairs. (P)
The boy went up. (Adverb)
(4) A, This, that, every next, last, today, yesterday, etc यदि किसी Noun के पूर्व आते हैं तो इनके साथ at, in, on का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता है।
Examples:
Vinay will come Agra (in) next month.
I saw him (on) last Sunday.
(a). लेकिन यदि Noun पहले और Adjective बाद में आए, तो preposition का प्रयोग होता है
Examples:
On Monday next, in June next.
On Monday last, In March last.
(b) Tomorrow (future), Yesterday (Past) and Today (Present) before never Preposition (at/on/in)
Examples:
I shall see you tomorrow.
He reached Agra yesterday.
I'm living in Delhi today.
© Though, Yesterday evening/afternoon tomorrow morning, sweekar ago before no preposition.
(d) After yesterday and tomorrow is used morning/afternoon/evening.
But after 'today' is not used morning/afternoon/evening
NOTE;
Today morning/afternoon/evening or last evening is wrong.
These places are used 'this morning/afternoon/evening or yesterday evening.
(e) 'Today night' placed 'tonight,
'yesterday night' placed 'last night's
and last evening was placed yesterday.
Whereas 'tomorrow night 'is right.
(f) After come, go, arrive, get, send take, bring is added 'home.
then before is not used any preposition
Because 'home' is an Adverb.
Examples:
He comes home at 5 P.M.
She goes home every Sunday.
But if before 'home' Adjective of possessive case
My, Your, His, Her, Their, Tam's, Uncle's etc.
Then 'home before 'to is used
Examples:
They will go to their home.
Army will come to home.
If means of home with that place where someone lives means works there, before home is used 'at'
Examples:
Your father is at home.
If you are unfit, stay at home.
But, Tell, Order, Allow, Comple, Invite, with to is used.
Examples:
He invited me to dinner
They allowed me to go home.
Ram's father compelled Ram to resign.
(1), Accused of
He accused me of killing him. आरोप
The culprit was accused of murder. अपराधी
(2) Afraid of
My sister is afraid of dog. डर
The thief was afraid of being nocked door.
लेकिन कहीं कहीं afraid के बाद infinite (to) आता है तो किसी preposition का प्रयोग नहीं करते हैं।
She was (afraid to) go near the barking dog.
(3) Angry with / at / about
Angry with का प्रयोग person के साथ परन्तु , angry at something one does or say thing का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
I was angry at what he said. (जो उसने कहा उप पर गुस्सा)
What are you angry about? (किस बारे में गुस्सा)
(4) Approve (of) के साथ (of) का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
The teacher doesn't approve of student's action. मंजूर
I didn't approve of smoking in the office.
(5) Arrive at / in (पहुँचना) के बाद छोटी जगह के लिए (at) तथा बड़ी जगह के लिए (in) का प्रयोग किया जाता है। किसी arrive के बाद अगर here, there, somewhere, anywhere,
या nowhere रहता है तो arrive के बाद किसी preposition का प्रयोग नही किया जाता है।
We arrived at college late.
The president of India arrived here only.
(6) Differ with a person and Differ from a thing होता है
Nylon differs from ink.
My friend differs with me on this matter.
The C.M. differs with the governor on this issue.
How does it differ from the other.
(7) Different from : (से अलग)
My book is different from your book.
My building different from the other.
(8) जब कोई किसी बीमारी (disease/illness) से मरता है तो (die) के साथ (of) का प्रयोग करते हैं परंतु वह जब किसी और कारण से या कोई दूसरा कार्य करने से मरता है तो (die) के साथ (from) का प्रयोग होता है।
Many people in Europe died of Cancer.
Mr.Ravi died of Maleriya.
Raju dies from over eating.
His friend died from loss of blood.
(9) जब cure of (इलाज) का प्रयोग verb के रूप में होता है तो उसके बाद (of) का प्रयोग किया जाता है
पर जब cure (a remedy) noun के रूप में हो तो उसके साथ (for) का प्रयोग करते हैं।
The doctor will cure your friend of dysentery. (पेचिश)
He is cured of cold.
What will be the best cure for a cold.
(10) Careful/ Careless (of /to V1) के बाद प्रायः (of) लगता है
पर जब careful के बाद infinitive (to) आता है तब careful के बाद कोई preposition नहीं आयेगा। (ध्यानपूर्वक /लापरवाही)
Jyoti is very careful of her health.
Ram was quite careless of danger.
Be careful not (to go) there at night.
He was careful (to see) that the door was locked up.
(11) Boast of (डींग मारना / Boast about (बढ़ा चढ़ा के बोलना)
A noble (महान) man doesn't boast of his success.
Ram boasts of his achachieveme
(12) Marry का प्रयोग जब Active Voice में किया जाता है तो Preposition का use नही किया जाता, परन्तु Passive Voice में Marry के साथ (to) का प्रयोग होगा।
Shyam married his sister.
Shyam is marry to Sita.
NOTE
जब marry के बाद कोई Direct object नही हो तो Marry पर (get married) का use किया जाता है जैसे:
"When are you going to get married?"
"Ram and Radha got married last year."
(13) Made of / Made from:
जब कोई चीज (substance) किसी दूसरी नई वस्तु में बदल जाती है तो made from का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
परन्तु जब original material नहीं बदलता किन्तु एक नई चीज (object) में परिणत हो जाता है तब (of) का प्रयोह किया जाता है। made of
Curd is made from milk
Her saari is made of silk.
(14) समान्यता Helpful के साथ (to), Interested के साथ (in) proud के बाद saath (of) का use किया जाता है।
We are proud of our knowledge.
Jyoti is very interested in English.
Tam's suggestions were helpful to him
(15)
Nouns + Prepositions: FOR
List of noun combinations with the preposition FOR in English.
A check for (amount of money)
Reason for
Admiration for
Advertisement for
Approval for
Arguments for
Bid for
Case for
Credit for
Cure for
Demand for
Desire for
Fondness for
Hatred for
Love for
Need for
Preference for
Recipe for
Reputation for
Respect for
Responsibility for
Room for
Search for
Talent for
Thirst for
Useful list of common noun and preposition collocations in English.
Nouns and Prepositions: OF
Useful noun collocations with the preposition OF in English.
A cause of
A photograph of
Address of
Advantage of
Awareness of
Disadvantage of
Exhibition of
Experience of
Fear of
Grasp of
Habit of
Knowledge of
Love of
Member of
Memory of
Method of
Possibility of
Problem of
Process of
Risk of
Understanding of
Cause of
Example of
Way of
Relevance of
Noun Preposition Collocations: WITH
Learn common noun combinations with the preposition WITH in English.
Arguments with
Concern with
Connection with
Contact with
Date with
Dealings with
Difficulty with
Involvement with
Link with
Meeting with
Quarrel with
Relationship with
Sympathy with
Nouns + Prepositions: IN
Learn useful collocations with the preposition IN in English.
A decrease in
A fall in
A rise in
An increase in
Belief in
Change in
Course in
Delay in
Difference in
Difficulty in
Experience in
Growth in
Interest in
Lesson in
Participation in
Place in
Success in
Noun Preposition Collocations: TO
Learn nouns & prepositions collocations: common collocations with TO.
Access to
Addiction to
Allusion to
An attitude to
An invitation to
Approach to
Change to
Concern to
Contribution to
Damage to
Dedication to
Desire to
Devotion to
Invitation to
Newcomer to
Reaction to
Reason to
Reference to
Relevance to
Resistance to
Response to
Solution to
Threat to
Transition to
Visit to
Noun Preposition Collocations: ABOUT
Agreement about
Anxiety about
Concern about
Confusion about
Debate about
Decision about
Information about
Story about
Nouns + Prepositions: ON
Debate on / पर बहस
Information on / इस पर जानकारी
Hold on / जमे रहो
Agreement on / समझौते पर
Ban on / पर प्रतिबंध ।
Congratulations on / पर बधाई
Decision on / निर्णय पर
Report on / पर रिपोर्ट करें
Nouns + Prepositions: FROM
Excerpt from / से अंश
एक फिल्म, प्रसारण, या संगीत या लेखन का एक छोटा अंश।
Transition from / से संक्रमण
Nouns + Prepositions: OVER
Authority over / अधिकार खत्म।
Control over / के ऊपर नियंत्रण।
Nouns + Prepositions: BETWEEN
A link between / के बीच।
A connection between / के बीच एक कड़ी।
A contact between two / दो के बीच एक संपर्क।
A difference between two / दो के बीच का अंतर।
A relationship between / के बीच एक रिश्ता।
Bond between / के बीच का बंधन ।
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