would+ होता/होगा था

1.Would।  ता  ते  ती                                                   

 खेलता, पढ़ता, आता, जाता, खाता, सोता, जागता, मिलता, उठता, बैठता, हंसता , रोता  इत्यादि।                              मैं आज घर जाता।                                                      ✓I would go at home.                                          ✓वो मेरे साथ खेलता पर आपने इजाजत नहीं दी            ✓He would play with together but you didn't allow me

✓काश, मैं उसे बताता । I wish, I would talk to him.

मैं ऑफिस जरूर जाता पर मेरी तबियत ठीक नहीं थी।

✓i would go to must go but I'm not well. that's why I never like talking him.

यदि मेरे पास पैसे होते तो मै गरीब की मदद करता। 

✓Why would he give me money, I am a poor man?

✓Why would he do so?  वह ऐसा क्यों करता?

मेरे पास एक आइडिया है कि वह नहीं आता।

✓I would meet him every day then we would go to school together.

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2. Would+V1 (करता था) /Used to+V1

✓Those days I would wake up on then ✓I would go to the GYM together, ✓We would enjoy it a lot.(जागता था/जाता था/करता था)

✓He always scold me that's why I never felt like talking to him. (डांटता था)

✓वह बिना कारण हमेशा मुझे डांटता था क्योंकि मैं उससे बात करना पसंद नहीं है।

✓If I had money, I would help the poor.

यदि मेरे पास पैसे होते . मैं गरीब की मदद करता था। 

i had already an idea that he wouldn't come here.

✓मैं हर दिन उससे मिलता था फिर हम साथ स्कूल जाते थे।

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3. Would You please (गा/गै/गी ) (Request)

✓Would you please be quiet

✓कृपया आप शांत रहें, 

✓Would you like to help me solve my questions?

✓कृपया करके आप मेरे सवालों के हल करने में मेरे मदद

करेंगे।

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4. Would (गा गै गी) (Proposal )

✓Would you like to earn money through Blogger?

क्या आप  ब्लॉग से पैसा कमाना पसंद करेंगे?

✓Would you like to go on long drive with me?

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5. Would (गा गै गी) (Offer/propose) चाहना

✓I would want to meet you today 

✓मैं और अधिक पैसा कमाना चाहूंगा ताकि एक नई स्कूटी खरीद सकूं।

✓i would want to earn money so that I could buy an scooty

मैं पैसे कमाना चाहूंगा ताकि एक नई स्कूटी खरीद सकूं।

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6.. Would (गा/गै/गी) (Future) (indirect)

✓He said she would buy something from the market 

उसने कहा कि वह मार्केट से कुछ खरीदेगी।

✓ I had already an idia that he would not come here

मुझे पहले से अंदाजा है कि वह यहां नहीं आएगा।

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7. Would be    (होता )।                                           ✓I would be at home today.                            ✓आज मैं घर पर होता।   

✓wish! We would be together।      

✓काश, हम साथ होते।

✓i wish! I would be eat some breakfast, wouldn't feel hungry.  

✓काश! मैंने नाश्ता खाया होता तो अब भूख ना लगती।

✓वह एक डॉक्टर होता

✓he would be ad octor/

✓He would have been a doctor

✓मैं  इस वक्त अमेरिका में होता।

✓i would be an America right now/

✓I would have been an America right now.

✓काश मैं आपका दोस्त होता

✓i wish I would be your friend

✓काश मैं इस वक्त घर पर होता

✓i wish I would be at home right now.

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8. Would be (होता था) 

जब भी मै उसके घर जाता वह घर पर ही होता था

Whenever I would go to his home he would at home right now/would have been)

जब कभी मुझे उसकी  जरूरत होती वो मेरे साथ होता था।

Whenever I needed him I would be with me.

उन दिनों  हम साथ होते थे

Those days we would be together.

वो हर समय राहुल के साथ होता था।

He would be with Rahul all the time

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9.Would be (Ing) कर रहा होता)

✓आज मैं इस कंपनी में काम कर रहा होता।

✓I would be working in this company today

✓काश मैं इंग्लिश सीखा रहा होता।

✓i wish I would teaching English 

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10.Would be (Ving) (कर रहा होगा)

✓वो इस वक्त सो रहा होगा।

✓He would be sleeping right now.

✓धोनी इस वक्त खेल रहा होगा।

✓Dhoni would be playing this time.

✓क्या वो इन दिनों ऑफिस जा रहा होगा, मुझे ऐसा नहीं लगता।

✓Would he be going to the office these days. i  don't think so.

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11.Would have. (चुका होता, गया होता, लिया होता, दिया होता, लड़ा होता, मिला होता, खाया होता l 

✓I would have left by now.        

✓अब तक निकल चुका होता।                     

✓I came at the right time otherwise you would have slept.       

✓मैं सही समय पर आया वरना आप सो  गए होते।              ✓He would have learnt English.

✓वह अंग्रेजी सीख चुका होता।                                        ✓You would have written a letter.               

✓आप पत्र लिख चुके होते                                              ✓They would have done their work.                   ✓वे अपना काम कर चुके होते   

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12. Would have been ( होता)

✓वो आज एक डांसर होता

✓i would have been a dancer today

✓i would be a dancer

✓मैं इस वक्त अमेरिका में होता।

✓i would have been in America right now

  ____________________________________________ 13. Would have been  (हो चुका होता)

✓My work would have been finished by now.

✓मेरा काम अब तक हो चुका होता

✓He would have been selected in the Indian team

✓अगर वो आपकी बात मानता  तो अमीर हो चुका होता।

✓if he had  listened to you, he would have been a rich by now

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14.'Would have been (Ving) (कर रहा होता)

✓अगर मैं उसे  नहीं डांटता  वो सुबह से खेल रहा होता।

✓if I had scolded him, he would have been playing since  morning

✓अगर उस दिन  उसने वो घर ले लिया होता, तो वो मुंबई 10 साल से रह रहा होता।

✓if that day he had taken that house, he would have been in Mumbai, he would have been living in Mumbai for 10 years. today 

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15. Would have had  (पास होता)

✓I would have had own a house today

✓आज मेरे पास एक अपना घर होता।  

✓Even I would have had money but I didn't work hard.

✓हमारे पास भी पैसे होते पर हमने मेहनत नहीं की।

✓Even I would have (had) money but i didn't work hard.                        

✓अमन के पास बहुत सारा पैसा होता                              ✓Aman has lots of money।   ____________________________________________।    16. Would have to                                           पड़ जाता/ करना पड़ा होगा/करना पड़ता होगा

✓शुक्र है, सरकार ने पॉलिसी बदल दी, वरना ये सारा माल आज ही बेचना पड़ता।
✓Thank God, the government changed the policy; or else I would have to sell all this stuff today itself.

Present ✓=> उसे ऑफिस जाना पड़ता होगा

✓=He would have to go to office.every day

✓ऊसे रोज ऑफिस जाना पड़ा होगा।

✓He would have to go to office every day

_____________________________________।        17. Would have had to                                         करना पड़ता/ /करना पड़ा होगा) 

✓Thank God, the government changed the policy; or else I would have had to sell all this stuff today itself

____________________________________________

Would have had to

Past=> 

S+Would have had to+do (करना)

✓He would have had to go to do work every day.___________'_____________________________

✓आपको वहाँ रोज़ जाना पड़ता होगा।

Aapako vahaan roz jaana padata hoga.
✓You would have to go there every day।         ✓आपको वहाँ रोज़ जाना पड़ा होगा।                         You would have had to go there every day.     ✓वहाँ हर व्यक्ति को रूल्स मानने पड़ते होंगे।                 i here, every person would have to follow the rules.                                                                  ✓वहाँ हर व्यक्ति को रूल्स मानने पड़े होंगे।           There, every person would have had to follow the rules.

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Few Sentences Prectic                                     क्या वह इन दिनों स्कूल जा रही होगी।                   ✓Would she be going to school these days.        मुझे यकीन है कि वह हार के बारे में नहीं सोच रही होगी  ✓I am sure, she wouldn't thinking about lose        उसने कहा कि वह हम सब की मदद करेगा।        ✓ He said that he would help to all of us।             मूझे सन्देह बिल्कुल नही था कि तुम जीतोगेI                ✓i  am not sure at all you would win

✓I didnt know he would win

✓Would you please help me today

✓Would you like to meet him?

✓I would wake up 4 an in the morning when I was a kid

✓I had never even thoughf that he would be such a selfish

✓If I went there he would come home

✓If I were a rich, I would immidetily help you

✓Would you want to come here.?

✓Would you not like to come?

✓Would you like I not to come?

✓She would have been studying for four hours

✓He would have left from Delhi

✓I would have come by this time

✓I would have book but I don't have any

✓I think it would not  rain today

✓I think that it would hail today

✓He used to wake up 8 am.                                  ✓I would call 8 am then                                 ✓ he would open his books

✓He would be a boxer today

✓I would at scold right now 

We wouldnt have 'money, stll we would not have courageo

Would she be  going to gym.these days?

She would have left/leave by now

You would have had to  call him every day

He would have had to  do it unwillingly 

Whenever I would have called him, would talk politly

We wouldn't listen to anyone when we were a child

Prectice exercises

उसने कहा कि वो हमारी मदद करेगा।(Usne kha ki vo hamari madad karega.)

मुझे मालूम था कि वह जीतेगा। (Mujhe maloom tha ki vah jitega.)

मैंने कभी नहीं सोचा था कि वह इतना स्वार्थी होगा। (Maine kabhi nahi socha ki vah itna swarthi hoga.)

मुझे संदेह नहीं था कि तुम जीतोगे। (Mujhe sandeh nahi tha ki tum jitoge.)

मुझे लगा कि वो कभी नहीं आयेगा। (Mujhe laga ki vo kabhi nahi aayega.)

क्या तुम मेरी मदद करोगे? (Kya tum meri madad karoge?)

क्या तुम कृपया दरवाजा खोल दोगे? (Kya tum kripya darwaja khol doge?)

राम पढ़ने के बजाय खेलना पंसद करेगा। (Ram padhne ke bajay khelna pasand karega.)

क्या तुम मुझसे मिलना चाहोगे ? (Kya tum mujhse milna chahoge?)

मैं 6 बजे उठता था जब मैं एक बच्चा था।(Mai 6 baje uthta tha jab mai ek baccha tha.)

उसने कहा था कि वो मुम्बई जाएगा। (Usne kha tha ki Wo Mumbai jaega.)

राम ने कहा कि वह बर्गर नहीं खाएगा। (Ram ne kaha ki vah burger nahi khayega.)

मैंने आपको सूचित किया था कि मैं ऑफिस 11 बजे तक पहुँचूँगा। (Maine aapko suchit kiya tha ki mai office 11 baje tak pahunchunga.)

अगर मैं जाता, तो वो घर आता। (Agar mai jata, to wo ghar aata.)

अगर मैं प्रधानमंत्री होता, तो आपकी मदद करता। (Agar mai Pradhan Mantri hota to aap ki madad karta.)

जब मैं एक बच्चा था,मैं अमन के साथ खेलता था। वो हमेशा अपनी बॉल देता था। हम दूसरे छात्रों को तंग करते थे। शिक्षक हमें अक्सर डांटते थे। (Jab mai ek baccha tha. Main Aman ke saath khelta tha. Vo hamesha apni ball deta tha.Hum dusre chhatron ko tang karte the. Shikshak hamein aksar daantte the.)

क्या आप मेरे साथ डाँस करेंगे? (Kya aap mere saath dance karenge?)

क्या आप अयांश के साथ खेलेंगे? (Kya aap Ayansh ke saath khelenge?)

क्या आप मेरे साथ रहेंगे क्योंकि मैं अकेला हूँ? (Kya aap mere saath rahenge kyonki mai akela hun?)

क्या आप मेरे साथ डाँस करना पंसद करेंगे/चाहेंगे? (Kya aap mere saath dance karna pasand karenge/chahenge?)

क्या आप वहाँ जाना पंसद करेंगे/चाहेंगे? (Kya aap wahan jana pasand karenge/chahenge?)

क्या आप अयांश के साथ खेलना पंसद करेंगे/चाहेंगे? (Kya aap Ayansh ke saath khelna pasand karenge/chahenge?)

मैं अब पढ़ाई करना पंसद करुँगा/चाहूँगा। (Mai ab padhai karna pasand karunga/chahunga.)

वो एक पुराना गाना गाना पंसद करेगा/चाहेगा। (Wo ek purana gana gana pasand karega/chahega.)

क्या आप चाहेंगे कि मैं जाऊँ? (Kya aap chahenge ki mai jao?)

क्या तुम चाहोगे कि मैं खेलूँ? (Kya tum chahoge ki mai khelu?)

क्या राम चाहेगा कि मैं खेलूँ? (Kya Ram chahega ki mai khelu?)

क्या मैं चाहूँगा कि तुम न खेलो? (Kya mai chahunga ki tum na khelo?)

क्या उसे बुरा लगेगा यदि मैं घर चला जाऊँ? (Kya use bura lagega yadi mai ghar chala jaun?)

क्या उनको बुरा लगेगा यदि मैं अपनी फुटबॉल उन्हें न दूँ? (Kya unko bura lagega yadi mai apni football unhe na du?)

क्या उसे बुरा लगेगा यदि वे इस प्रतियोगिता के लिए उसे न चुनें? (Kya use bura lagega yadi ve is pratiyogita ke liye use na chune?)

आपको वहाँ जाने में कोई दिक्कत परेशानी तो नहीं? (Aapko wahan jane mein koi dikkat pareshani to nahi?)

आपको कोई दिक्कत तो नहीं अगर आप मुझसे रविवार को मिलें? (Aapko koi dikkat to nahi agar aap mujhse ravivar ko milen?)

क्या उसे मुझे फोन करने में दिक्कत होगी? (Kya use mujhe phone karne mein dikkat hogi?)

उसे हम लोगों के साथ खेलने में परेशानी तो नहीं होगी? (Use hum logon ke saath khelne mein pareshani to nahi hogi?)

क्या ये ठीक होगा यदि वो आपके घर आये/आयेगा? (Kya ye thik hoga yadi wo aapke ghar aaye/aayega?)

क्या ये ठीक होगा अगर मैं आपको 50 रुपये दूँ? (Kya ye thik hoga agar mai aapko 50 rupay du?)

क्या ये ठीक होगा यदि वो आपका दिल दुखाए? (Kya ye thik hoga yadi vo aapka dil dukhaye?)

मैं खेलता। (Mai khelta.)

मैं जाता। (Mai jata.)

वो आता। (Wo aata.)

वो गिटार बजाता। (Wo guitar bajata.)

मैं क्रिकेटर होता। (Mai cricketer hota.)

मैं गायक होता। (Mai gayak hota.)

राहुल डाँसर होता। (Rahul dancer hota.)

राहुल डाँसर नहीं होता। (Rahul dancer nahi hota.)

क्या राहुल डाँसर होता? (Kya Rahul dancer hota?)

वो जा रहा होता। (Wo ja raha hota.)

मैं घर आ रहा होता। (Mai ghar aa raha hota.)

बच्चे सो रहे होते। (Bacche so rahe hote.)

राम को राहुल के द्वारा भेजा जाता। (Ram ko Rahul ke dwara bheja jata.)

हमें गिटार दिया जाता। (Hame guitar diya jata.)

मेरे पास पैन होता। (Mere paas pen hota.)

राहुल के पास किताब होती। (Rahul ke paas kitab hoti.)

हमारे पास पैसे नहीं होते। (Hamare paas paise nahi hote.)

मैं घर आ चुका होता। (Mai ghar aa chuka hota.)

वो दिल्ली जा चुका होता। (Wo Delhi ja chuka hota.)

मैंने आपका खेल नहीं देखा था, वरना मैं आपका फैन हो चुका होता। (Maine aapka khel nahi dekha tha, varna mai aapka fan ho chuka hota.)

मैं डॉक्टर बन चुका होता। (Mai doctor ban chuka hota.)

मैं सुबह से खेल रहा होता। (Mai subah se khel raha hota.)

वो 2 घंटे से पढ़ रही होती। (Wo 2 ghante se padh rahi hoti.)

मुझे राहुल के द्वारा भेजा जा चुका होता। (Mujhe Rahul ke dwara bheja ja chuka hota.)

हमें पानी दिया जा चुका होता। (Hame pani diya ja chuka hota.)

आज मैं ऑफिस जाता पर मेरा मन नहीं कर रहा। (Aaj main office jata par mera man nahi kar raha.)

अगर मेरे पास पैसे होते, तो मैं आपकी मदद करता। (Agar mere paas paise hote to main aapki madad karta.)

उन दिनों मैं 5 बजे उठता था। फिर मैं अपने दोस्त के साथ जिम जाता था। हम बहुत मज़े करते थे। (Un dino main 5 baje uthata tha. Fir main apane dost ke saath gym jaata tha. Ham bahut maze karate the.)

वो हमेशा मुझे बिना किसी कारण के डांटता था इसलिए मुझे कभी उससे बात करने का मन नहीं हुआ। (Vo hamesha mujhe bina kisee kaaran ke daantata tha isalie mujhe kabhee usase baat karane ka man nahin hua.)

उसने कहा कि वह बाजार से कुछ खरीदेगी। (Usane kaha ki vah baajaar se kuchh khareedegi.)

मुझे पहले से ही अंदाजा था कि वह यहाँ नहीं आएगा। (Mujhe pahale se hee andaaza tha ki vah yahaan nahin aaega.)

जहाँ तक मैं तेरे पापा को जानता हूँ, वो इस प्रस्ताव को स्वीकार नहीं करेंगे। (Jahaan tak main tere papa ko janata hoon, vo is prastaav ko sweekar nahi karenge.)

मुझे लगता है कि आज बारिश होगी। (Mujhe lagata hai ki aaj baarish hogi.)

क्या आप मेरे साथ लॉन्ग ड्राइव पर जाना चाहेंगे? (Kya aap mere saath long drive par jaana chaahenge?)

क्या आप ब्लॉगिंग के ज़रिए पैसा कमाना चाहेंगे? (Kya aap blogging ke zariye paisa kamaana chaahenge?)

क्या आप कृपया शांत रहेंगे? (Kya aap krpaya shaant rahenge?)

क्या आप कृपया इस प्रश्न को हल करने में मेरी मदद करेंगे? (Kya aap krpaya is prashn ko hal karane mein meree madad karenge?)

मैं आज आपसे मिलना चाहूँगा। (Main aaj aapase milana chaahoonga.)

मैं और अधिक पैसा कमाना चाहूँगा ताकि मैं अपने लिए एक नई स्कूटी खरीद सकूं। (Main aur adhik paisa kamaana chaahoonga taaki main apane lie ek naee scooty khareed sakoon.)

वो आज एक डाँसर होता। (Vo aaj ek dancer hota.)

मैं इस वक्त अमेरिका में होता। (Main is waqt America mein hota.)

जब भी मैं उसके घर जाता, वो घर पर होता था। (Jab bhee main usake ghar jaata, vah ghar par hota tha.)

जब भी मुझे उसकी ज़रूरत पड़ती, वो मेरे साथ होता था। (Jab bhi mujhe usaki zaroorat padti, vo mere saath hota tha.)

आज वो उस कम्पनी में काम कर रहा होता। (Aaj vo us company me kaam kar raha hota.)

काश मैं उसे इंग्लिश सिखा रहा होता। (Kaash main use English sikha raha hota.)

धोनी इस वक्त खेल रहा होगा। 

क्या वह इन दिनों ऑफिस जा रहा होगा? मुझे नहीं लगता। 

अगर मैंने ड्राइवर से रिक्वेस्ट न की होती, तो बस अब तक निकल चुकी होती। (Agar maine driver se request na ki hoti, to bus ab tak nikal chuki hoti.)

मुझसे गलती हो गयी होती! भगवान का शुक्र है, मैंने आखिर में एक सही फैसला लिया। (Mujhse galati ho gayi hoti! Bhagavaan ka shukr hai, mainne aakhir mein ek sahee faisala liya.)

धोनी इस वक्त तक खेल चुका होगा। (Dhoni is waqt tak khel chuka hoga.)

बस अब तक निकल चुकी होगी। (Bus ab tak nikal chuki hogi.)

अगर उसने अच्छी पढ़ाई की होती, तो वह आज डॉक्टर होता। (Agar usane achchhee padhaee kee hotee, to vah aaj doctor hota.)

अगर उसने चुनावों में मेरा साथ दिया होता तो आज वो मेरे साथ होता। (Agar usne elections mein mera saath diya hota to aaj vo mere saath hota.)

वो सुबह से खेल रहा होता, अगर मैं उसे नहीं डांटता। (

अगर उसने उस दिन वो घर ले लिया होता, तो वो मुम्बई में आज 10 साल से रह रहा होता। (

आज मेरे पास ये सब होता, पर मैंने उस दिन बहुत बड़ी गलती की। (Aaj mere paas ye sab hota, par maine us din bahut badee galatee kee.)

अगर आपने मुझे एक मौका दिया होता, तो आज मेरे पास कई फिल्में होतीं। (Agar aapane mujhe ek mauka diya hota, to aaj mere paas kaee films hoteen.)

शुक्र है, सरकार ने पॉलिसी बदल दी, वरना ये सारा माल आज ही बेचना पड़ता। (Shukr hai, sarakaar ne policy badal dee, varana ye saara maal aaj hee bechana padata.)

अगर आपने मदद न की होती, तो मुझे आज ऑफिस जाना पड़ जाता। (Agar aapane madad na kee hotee, to mujhe aaj office jaana pad jaata.)

आपको वहाँ रोज़ जाना पड़ता होगा। (Aapako vahaan roz jaana padata hoga.)

आपको वहाँ रोज़ जाना पड़ा होगा। (Aapako vahaan roz jaana pada hoga.)

वहाँ हर व्यक्ति को रूल्स मानने पड़ते होंगे। (Vahaan har vyakti ko rules maanane padate honge.)

वहाँ हर व्यक्ति को रूल्स मानने पड़े होंगे। (Vahaan har vyakti ko rules maanane pade honge.)

क्या वह इन दिनों स्कूल जा रही होगी? (Kya vah in dinon school ja rahee hogee?)

मुझे यकीन है कि वह हार के बारे में नहीं सोच रहा होगा। (Mujhe yakeen hai ki vah haar ke baare mein nahin soch raha hoga.)

उसने कहा कि वो हम सबकी मदद करेगा। (Usne kha ki vo ham sabki madad karega.)

मुझे संदेह बिल्कुल नहीं था कि तुम जीतोगे। (Mujhe sandeh bilkul nahi tha ki tum jitoge.)

मुझे मालूम नहीं था कि वह जीतेगा। (Mujhe maloom nahi tha ki vah jitega.)

क्या तुम आज मेरी मदद करोगे? (Kya tum aaj meri madad karoge?)

क्या तुम उससे मिलना चाहोगे? (Kya tum usse milna chahoge?)

मैं सुबह 4 बजे उठता था जब मैं एक बच्चा था। (Mai subah 4 baje uthta tha jab mai ek baccha tha.)

मैंने कभी सोचा तक नहीं था कि वह इतना स्वार्थी होगा। (Mene kabhi socha tak nahi tha ki vah itna swarthi hoga.)

अगर मैं वहाँ जाता, तो वो घर आता। (Agar main vahaan jata, to wo ghar aata.)

अगर मैं पैसे वाला होता, तो आपकी मदद करता। (Agar main paise vala hota to aapki madad karta.)

क्या आप चाहेंगे कि मैं आऊँ? (Kya aap chahenge ki main aaoon?)

क्या आप नहीं चाहेंगे कि मैं आऊँ? (Kya aap nahi chahenge ki main aaoon?)

क्या आप चाहेंगे कि मैं न आऊँ? (Kya aap chahenge ki main na aaoon?)

वो 4 घंटे से पढ़ रही होती। (Wo 4 ghante se padh rahi hoti.)

वो दिल्ली से जा चुका होता। (Wo Delhi se ja chuka hota.)

मैं इस वक्त तक घर आ चुका होता। (Mai is waqt tak ghar aa chuka hota.)

मेरे पास किताब होती पर नहीं है। (Mere paas kitab hoti par nahi hai.)

मुझे लगता है कि आज बारिश नहीं होगी। (Mujhe lagata hai ki aaj baarish nahi hogi.)

मुझे लगता है कि आज ओले पड़ेंगे। (Mujhe lagata hai ki aaj ole padenge.)

वह 7 बजे उठता था। वो मुझे 8 बजे फोन करता था फिर वह अपनी किताबें खोल देता था। (Vah 7 baje uthta tha. Wo mujhe 8 baje phone karta tha phir vah apni kitabe khol deta tha.)

वो आज एक बॉक्सर होता। (Vo aaj ek boxer hota.)

मैं इस वक्त स्कूल में होता। (Main is waqt school mein hota.)

काश मैं उसके साथ रह रहा होता। (Kaash main uske sath rah raha hota.)

काश मैं डॉक्टर बन गया होता। (

वो इस वक्त मुझे कहीं से देख रहा होगा। 

हमारे पास पैसे नहीं होते थे, पर फिर भी हम हिम्मत नहीं हारते थे। 

क्या वह इन दिनों जिम जा रही होगी? (

वो अब तक निकल चुकी होगी। (

आपको रोज़ उसे फोन करना पड़ता होगा। 

उसे ये न चाहकर भी करना पड़ा होगा। (

जब भी मैं उसे कॉल करता, वो प्यार से बात करता था। 

बचपन में हम किसी की नहीं सुनते थे। 

Answ

Finite/Non Finite

10. Non-Finite Verb

Exercise 10.3

Complete the following sentences by adding an Infinitive with to or without to :

Vimal's mother made him to attend the function.

The sentry commanded the intruders to go away immediately.

It's unwise to stop him.

It's not proper to speak like this.

It's desirable to help him.

A Gerund is that from the verb which ends in 'Ing' and is used as a verb and noun. 

In order the words  it is Verbal Noun Gerund  

इसकी 4 forms होती हैं —2 Active Voice के लीए और 2 passive Voice के लिए।

Active

Passive

Present or

Continuous

Writing

Being written

Perfect

Having written

Having been Written

1, Gerund in Perfect Active from:

I shall reproach him for having broken  the window pane.

Have you heard of her having solved the tough puzzle?

2. Gerund in Present Passive From:

Nobody is desirous of being failed.

3. Gerund in Perfect Passive. Form :

I saw a scene of the hero's having been murdered in the climax.

(II) Difference between Gerund and Present Participle

Present Participle भी verb के अंत में 'ing' लगाकर बनाया जाता है परंतु Gerund 'Noun' का कार्य करता है और Participle 'Adjective' का।

Gerund— Verb works as Noun, (Verbal Noun)

Participle— Verb works as an Adjective. (Verbal Adjective)

Examples;

Smoking is injurious to health. (Gerund)

I saw a girl carrying a budget full of flowers. (Participle)

(III) Functions of the Gerund.:

Gerund के निम्न होते हैं—

As the Subject of the Verb. किर्या के कर्ता के रूप में।

Singing gives joy.

Bathing is necessary to health.

      (2)  As the object of a Verb. क्रिया कर कर्म के रूप में।

Sita loved dancing.

I like painting.

(3) As the Object of preposition. सम्बध बोधक के कर्म के रूप में

He is fond of reading poetry.

I am tired of waiting

(4) As the complement of a Verb. क्रिया के पूरक के रूप में।

His weekness is telling lies.

What I hate most is trading others

(5) As case  is apposition

It is no use running after shadows.

It is no use crying over spilt milk.

           III) RULES: Use of Gerund

 Gerund used with following Verbs

Admit

Anticipate

Appreciate

Avoid

Consider

Defer

Delay

Deny

Detest

Dislike

Dread

Enjoy

Escape

Excuse

Fancy

Finish

Forgive

Imagine

Involve

Keep

Loathe

Mind

Miss

Pardon

Postpone

Prevent

Propose

Recollect

Remember

Resent

Risist

Risk

Save

Step, Stop

Suggest

Understand

Examples:

Forgive me for interrupting you.

I can't prevent him from leaving the country.

Do you enjoy teaching?

He kept complaining.

NOTE: After the word "worth' is used + only Gerund.

✓1 The Taj Mehal is a building worth seeing.

✓2 Is here anything worth buying.

(2) Before Gerund (Verbal Noun) should be in Possessive Case of Noun or Pronoun.

Possessive Adjective: After

(My, his, her, their, your, Ram's, etc.) Is used 'Gerund'.

Examples:

✓He insisted on my reading.

✓I object his making private calls.

✓Radha insisted on Krishna's going with her but.

(3) Used the Gerund for short prohibitions.

Examples :

1. No smoking. 2. No loitering. 3. No spitting.

(4) Negative words is used.

Prevent, prohibit, debar, forbid, abstain, etc

Gerund is used with Prohibitory Words.

Examples:

✓Ram is debarred from appearing in examination.

राम को पेश होने से रोक दिया गया।

✓He is prevented from smoking.

(5) Gerund is used after Phrase Verb 'To be'

Used to, Accustomed to, averse to, 

With a view to, Addicted to,

devoted to, 

In addition to, 

Look forward to, Object to

Owing to, 

Given to, 

Taken to, Disposed to, Prone to.

He is addicted to smoking heavily

We go there with a view to studying science.

He is used to getting up early in the morning.

She used to dance before her marriage.

(6) After following preposition is show verb always gerund form:

For+V4

Without+V4

At+V4

By+V4

On+V4

Besides+V4

In+V4

Form+V4

Before+V4

After+V4

Examples:

✓On reach home, he wrote a letter to his parents. (X)

✓On reaching home, he wrote a letter to his parents.(√)

✓The officer prevented him from do so. (X)

✓The office prevented him from doing so. (√)

✓They were hopeful to win  the final match. (X)

✓They were hopeful of winning the final match. (√)

(7) :After No use' and 'good use' is used 'Gerund

Examples:

✓It's no use cry over spilt milk. (X)

✓It's no use crying over spilt (गिरा हुआ) milk (√)

✓Comparisons between the use of Infinitive and Gerund:

1.After Begin, Continue, and Start, both (Infinitive and Gerund) are used. But after these verbs, knowing, understanding comes then only infinitive is used.

Example:

✓She began to understand (know) what the teacher said.

(2) In Conditional Sentences, means after 'hate, prefer,  love infinitive with 'would'.

Examples:

✓I would hate to talk to him if he doesn't change his behaviour.

✓I would love to accompany you if you are courteous.

(3) Like meaning Enjoy. When Conditional Sentences are used with 'would'  but without 'would' sentences of the 'Gerund is used.:.

Examples:

I would like to attend your marriage. (√)

I like visiting historical building. (√,)

NOTE

But when meaning of 'Like are sense in think, right, correct or wise then with always is used of Infinitive:

✓1 Grandfather likes the children to play in the lawn.

(Because they are safe)

✓2. I like to get myself medically checked once  in a month.

(It's wise for me)

(4) Advise Allow, Permit, and Recommend with Infinitive used, If mention relative person. If are not then used Gerund.

Examples: 

Mr. Narayan doesn't allow his son to humble.(√)

Mr. Narayan doesn't allow gamabling.

(5) Regret and Remember:

If Action of Regret and Remembering come after action of Verbal Noun then Gerund is used but before is action of verbal noun than is used Infinitive.

Examples:

I remember seeing a temple like you Taj in Java (the action of seeing was earlier then of remembering)

We regret appointing you (appointment was earlier)

But

She remembered to post the letter (the action of remembering was earlier than that  of posting

(6) Try : if try meaning  only effort then is used 'Infinitive' 

But  if the 'Mark an experiment' means work is doing then Gerund is used.

Examples:

✓He tried to fix the bolt. (√)

✓He tried fixing the bolt. (√)

(7) If Mean ==Intend (इरादा या प्रयोजन) then use 'Infinitive".

Example:

✓To Government means to crush terrorism.

But  if Mean ==Result in then use 'Gerund'

Example:

✓The new orders will mean taxing the people more/working mor

(8) If Propose == Intend (इरादा, प्रयोजन) then use 'Infinitive.

Example:

✓I propose to join a new job.

(9) When the use of "spend or waste" for "any unit of time" after then is used :'Gerund'.

Example:

✓He spent two minutes looking for  the word in the dictionary.

✓She wasted hours scratching her bag for the lipstick.

(IV) Gerund at a Glance

For Forms og Gerund :

Active : (I) Present Continuous : Writing, Reading,             Sleeping.

(II) Perfect : Having written, Having read, Having slept.

Passive : (III) Present Continuous : Being written, Being read, Being Slept.

(IV) Perfect : Having been written, Having been read, Having been slept.

The Participle (146)

Good /Better / Best

Big (बड़ा)– Bigger (ज़्यादा बड़ा) – Biggest

Small (छोटा) – Smaller (ज़्यादा छोटा) – Smallest

Tall (लम्बा) – Taller (ज़्यादा लम्बा) – Tallest 

Short (छोटा) – Shorter (ज़्यादा छोटा) – Shortest 

Long (लम्बा) – Longer (ज़्यादा लम्बा) – Longest 

Wide (चौड़ा) – Wider (ज़्यादा चौड़ा) – Widest 

High (ऊँचा) – Higher (ज़्यादा ऊँचा) – Highest

Deep (गहरा) – Deeper (ज़्यादा गहरा) – Deepest 

Lengthy (लम्बा) – Lengthier  -Lengthiest 

Great (महान) – Greater (ज़्यादा महान) -Greatest 

Rich (अमीर) – Richer(ज़्यादा अमीर) – Richest 

Slow (हल्का) – Slower (ज़्यादा हल्का) – Slowest 

Sweet (मीठा) – Sweeter (ज़्यादा मीठा) – Sweetest

Bitter (कड़वा) – Bitterer  – Bitterest 

Sour (खट्टा) – Sourer (ज़्यादा खट्टा) – Sourest 

Tough (कठोर) – Tougher (ज़्यादा  कठोर)

Poor (गरीब) – Poorer(ज़्यादा गरीब) – Poorest 

Hot (गर्म) – Hotter (ज़्यादा गर्म) – Hottest (सबसे 

Dirty (गंदा) – Dirtier (ज़्यादा गंदा) – Dirtiest (सबसे

Clean (साफ) – Cleaner (ज़्यादा साफ) – Cleanest 

Cold (ठंडा) – Colder (ज़्यादा ठंडा) – Coldest 

Fast (तेज़) – Faster (ज़्यादा तेज़) – Fastest (तेज़)

Hard (कठोर) – Harder (ज़्यादा कठोर) – Hardest 

Soft (मुलायम/कोमल) – Softer – Softest

Weak/Weaker/Weakest 

Strong (मजबूत) – Stronger– Strongest 

Heavy/Heavier/Heaviest 

Bright/Brighter/Brightest 

Near/Nearer/Nearest 

Light/Lighter/Lightest 

Dear/Dearer/Dearest 

Pure/Purer/Purest 

Loud/Louder/Loudest

Soon/Sooner/Soonest 

Wise/Wiser/Wisest 

Beautiful/ More Beautiful/Most Beautiful 

Intelligent / More Intelligent/Most Intelligent 

Patient/More Patient/Most Patient 

Active/More Active/Most Active 

Cheerful/More Cheerful/Most Cheerful 

Honest/More Honest /Most Honest 

Careful/More Careful/Most Careful 

Interesting /More Interesting /Most interesting 

Difficult/More Difficult/Most Difficult 

Useful/More useful/Most Useful 

Industrious More Industrious Most Industrious

Diligent/More Diligent/Most Diligent 

Famous/More Famous/Most Famous 

Powerful /More Powerful/Most Powerful 

Danger/ More Dangerous/Most Dangerous 

Urgent/More Urgent/Most urgent 

Harmful / More Harmful/Most Harmful 

Important  More Important/Most Important 

Foolish/More Foolish /Most Foolish 

Popular/More Popular/Most Popular 

Much/Many/More  Most

Good /Well/Better Best

Little/Less/Lesser/Least

Bad,/ill/Worse/Worse 

Pronoun Exercise 2.1-(१-२५)

2. Pronouns Exercise 2.1

1  Either Kamla or Girija forgot to take her purse.A

2.  You, he and I have to visit the Exhibition (परदर्शनी) C

3. It was I whom you met last night.

4. All that glitters is not gold.B

5.  The jury agreed in its  opinion.

6.  Ruchi is thé girl whose book is with me.

7. How long have you & Sheelu known one other.

8. We have two telephone operators which of the do you want?

9 The more you read this book the more you like that

10. Between you and it he is a rough.

11. None of the three chandidates are fit for the post.

12. Gandhiji taught us that one should respect the religions of  others as much as one' s.

13. Whoever wins this civil war, there will be little rejoicing at the victory.

14. This book is mine and that is yours.

15. He is the friend whom I trust most

16. As the bare mountains turned green, the people found themselves locking foreward to spring.

17. There। can be no excuses this time, students.

18. Our teacher encrourged his sitting  the poem to music.

19. Was it he who got injoured in an accident this morning.

20. Due to my being a newcomer, I was unable to get a house suitable for my wife and me.

21. The number of vehicles playing on this road is more than that समवर्ती  on the main road.

22. Last summer he went to his uncle's village and himself enjoyed very much.

23. Being it a very hot day I remained indoors.

24. Concurrent with this program educational institutes may me bé urged to inculate patriottism in each and every one of their pupils.

25. One of them forget to take his beg from the school.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Exercise 2.1

He said that he was fine.

He told me that he was fine.

He says that he is fine.

He tells me he is fine.

He will say that he is fine.

He will tell me that he is fine

He truly said that no one can without water. (universal truth)

He said that honesty is the best policy.

Ravi said that he was reading the book

Dad told Pankaj that he would not give him pocket money.

My friend said that he had been to England twice.

He said that he would be in Mumbai the following day.

He said that he would be using the bike next Monday

He said he could run fast than Ramesh

He said that he might buy a pen.

He said that Seema had to work hard

He said that he should meet me in the evening.

He asked me what I was doing.

He asked me what Shilpa was doing.

He asked me what he was doing.

He asked me where I lived.

He asked me how much money I had.

He asked Rahul when he would come.

He asked us if/whether we would come for the meeting.

The teacher ordered/instructed Rehman to stand upright then.

The doctor suggested/advised the patient to change his food habits.

She requested/urged her husband to speak the truth.

She requested Bobby to give her give a glass of water.

Boss ordered to follow him.

Anjli urged her Boss to grant her leave for a day.

She requested her friend not to tell a lie.

The principal ordered us not to make a noise.

Ayah exclaimed with joy that they had won the match.

My uncle exclaimed with applause that I had done a good job.

She exclaimed with sorrow that she had lost her pen.

Arnavi exclaimed with regret that she was late.

He exclaimed with wonder/surprise that he couldn't believe that.

Arabi exclaimed with surprise that he was unbelievably a great player.

She exclaimed with joy that it was very pleasant weather.

Neha exclaimed with sorrow she had lost her pen.

She exclaimed to me with wonder how I could be so foolish.

Arnavi exclaimed with wonder that it was unbelievable.

He wished his mom good morning

Arnavi bade her dad good night.

He wished that he had been a girl.

Aman wished that his friend had been there.

He prayed to God, Mayank might succeed in life.

Aman bade goodbye to his friend

Sachin wished me a good evening.

She wished me that I had been there that time

51, He told Ravi that he needed to go home with me

He asked me if he went to school daily.

He told me that he was my friend.

He said that Raveena had a car.

He said who I was.

He asked Shweta who she was to him.

My boss instructed me not to go there

He wished that he had been a girl.

He prayed to God I might succeed in life.

He exclaimed with sorrow he had missed it.

He asked Mayank whom he would meet that day.

He said that Ravi met him yesterday

He asked whether he was at home.

She wished that she had been at home.

He preyed that Subham might live long.

He asked how many people were there.

He said that I couldn't talk about him.

He told Meena that he had to consult a Doctor.

He requested to keep the Doctor ajar.

He prayed God I might earn Los of money

He exclaimed with wonder that Ranveer was so handsome.

He regretted that he had missed the chance.

He exclaimed with sorrow that the situation was so tragic.

He asked who they were.

He preyed Shweta might pass the interview that day.

My boss ordered me not to come inside the room.

He wished that she had been a teacher.

He prayed that I might score the 99 percentile in CAT.

My friend exclaimed with wonder that midday was a great rapper.

She bade Mayank goodbye

She wished her dad good morning.

She wished that Raveena had been there.

He prayed God that I might I've ling 

The doctor consulted the patient to stop drinking.

He exclaimed with regret that he was rude to me

He requested Shweta to speak the truth.

He requested me to keep the window open

.

Hello English Article 36097:14 Books के प्रकार - अंग्रेज़ी में

https://helloenglish.com/article/36097/14-Books-के-प्रकार-अंग्रेज़ी-में

2. Pronouns

PERNOUN

A Pronoun is a word used in Place of a Noun.

Pronoun is that word which is used replaced the Noun.

Word Pronoun Latin word is made by Pro +Noun.

Pro means For (in place of) and noun means name

E.g. I, you, he, she, etc.

Classification of Pronoun

Pronouns are kinds of 8 (eight)

✓Possessive Pronouns 

✓Reflexive & Emphatic Pronouns

✓Demonstrative Pronouns

✓Distributive Pronouns

✓Reciprocal Pronouns

✓Indefinite Pronouns

✓Interrogative pronouns

✓Relative Pronouns

1, From of Personal Prpnouns

Nominative/Accusative/Possessive/Reflexie

                      Ob/Adjective/Pronoun/Pronoun

IMeMyMine

Myself

YouYouYourYoursYourself

He/Him/His

His/Himself

She /Her/Her/Hers/Herself

It/।       It  /       Its/।    Itself

One/One/One’s/one's

We।   Us/Our/ours/ Overselves 

You(Plural)।   /You/yourselves

They/।   Them/Their      /Theirs/ Themselves

Example: 

They saw many buildings

He was there when you arrived

Examples:

Who is there? It is I (not me)

Was it they? (not them)

2. Accusative Case: यदि किसी  Pronoun को किसी Verb के Object के रूप में use किया गया हो तो उन्हें Accusative Case में रखा जाता है।

Examples;

I liked him

She abused them

NOTE

1, यदि indirect Object को Verb के बाद रखा जाता है तो 'Preposition' का use किया जाता है किंतु 'Verb' के बाद 'Direct Object' को रखा जाता है। तो Indirect Object के पूर्व Preposition का use किया जाता है। जैसे–

I gave her a book.

But

I gave a book to her

2. यदि Direct और Indirect Objects दोनों ही Pronoun हों तो पहले Direct Object को रखा जाता है। अर्थात Direct Object+ Preposition+Indirect Object  जैसे–

"She gave it to him.(Sentence में  'it' और 'him' दोनों ही Pronoun हैं।

3.Possessive Pronoun : Possessive Pronoun का use किसी Verb के Subject या Object  के रूप में किया जाता है।

Examples:

Ours is a great country.

These books are not mine.

NOTE :

Possessive Pronoun के बाद किसी Noun का use कभी नहीं किया जाता है जबकि Possessive Adjective के बाद  हमेशा किसी न किसी Noun का use किया जाता है।

अर्थात Possessive Pronoun=Possessive Adjective + Noun

Your house is beautiful.

Your beautiful house.(Here, Yours=your house)

4. Reflexive Pronoun:'Emphasis' के लिए Reflexive Pronoun का use किया जाता है।

Examples:

He killed himself.

English grammar tips:

1. Me: use "me" when someone else performs the action. (Me का इस्तेमाल तब किया जाता है जब कोई और कार्य कर रहा हो)

She gave the cheatsheet to me. 

Myself: "Myself" should only be used when you are performing the action on yourself. (जब आप कोई कार्य खुद कर रहे हों तब myself का इस्तेमाल किया जाता है)

I am so proud of myself for correcting my grammar.

I - use "I" when you are referring to yourself in the subject. (जब आप वाक्य में खुद के बारे में बात कर रहे हों तब "I" का इस्तेमाल करे)

I used to cheatsheet to improve my grammar

2. Your (तुम्हारा): the thing belonging to you. 

This is your pen.

You're: You are (तुम)

Are you sure you're all right?

3. They're: a contraction of the words they are. (वह सब)

They're happy.

There: a location (उस स्थान पर)

We went to Paris and stayed there for ten days.

Their: the thing belonging to them. (उनका)

The red one is their house.

4. Its: the thing belonging to it (अपना)

The dog wagged its tail

It's: a contraction of words it is. (By"It is" का छोटा रूप)

It's been two years.

5. Then: often used to situate actions in time. (उस समय का)

I read the cheatsheet, then corrected the grammar in my essay.

Than: a conjunction used mainly in making comparisons. (Than का इस्तेमाल तुलना करने के लिए किया जाता है

RULES /Uses of Personal Pronouns

Personal Noun जिस Noun के लिए Use होता है उसके Person, Number, Gender, और Case के अनुरूप होना चाहिए।

1. Examples:

✓Shiv is a good boy, He obeys his teachers.

He gave me mangoes. They were ripe.(पक्का हुआ)

Sheela is a very flight. She studies eight hours a day.

In these Sentences, Shiv, mangoes, Sheela Noun है।

He, They, She personal Pronoun है जो Noun के अनूरूप प्रयुक्त हुये हैं।

✓2. जब दो या अधिक Singular Noun को end के द्वारा जोड़ा जाता है और वे अलग अलग व्यक्ति या वस्तु को दर्शाते हैं तो Pronoun का use बहुवचन में किया जाता है।

Examples:

Both Mahesh and Gautam are brave boys. They frightened  the bear.

Lata, Sarita, and Gauri went to the market.They had to purchase clothes.

✓3. जब दो या अधिक Singular Noun को end के द्वारा जोड़ा जाए परन्तु वे एक ही व्यक्ति अथवा वस्तु को दर्शाए तो Pronoun का use एकवचन में होता है।

Examples:

The accountant and cashier was awarded for his service. 

(Accountant and cashier are not person)

The Merchant and Salesman went to meet his Boss.

(The Merchant and Salesman are one Person.)

✓4. जब दो या अधिक Singular Noun को end के द्वारा जोड़ा जाता है परंतु उसके पूर्व  each या every लगता है तो  Pronoun का use Singular में होता है।

Examples:

Each and every student is honest in his work.

Each officer and each soldier was present on the dock.(कटघरा)

✓(5) जब Noun अलग अलग लिंग के हों, तो his या her का use avoid करने के लिये Pronoun को बहुवचन में use किया जाता है।

Examples:

Every man and woman must do their duty.

✓(6) जब दो या अधिक Singular Noun को  or, either….Or, neither…nor द्वारा जोड़ दिया जाए तो Pronoun एकवचन में प्रयुक्त होता है

Examples :

Harish or Mukesh may withdraw his name.

Either Sonam or Reena has not played her role well.

Neither Neha nor Ekta can do her work.

✓(7) लिंग अंतर की स्थिति में Pronoun का use बहुवचन में होता है।

Examples:

Neither Shyam nor Reena have completed their work.

✓(8) जब एक Singular Noun और एक Plural Noun को Either….or या Neither….nor के द्वारा जोड़ा जाता है तो Pronoun का use बहुवचन में होता है।

Examples: 

Neither Harish nor his friends have participated in the play.

Either the manager or the officers are involved in the game.

NOTE

Plural Noun को Verb के निकटतम रखा जाता है।

✓(9) वह Pronoun जो Collective Noun को इंगित करता है। एकवचन में use किया जाता है।

Examples :

The jury has given its verdict.    (Collective Noun)

The class should respect its monitor.

✓(10) वह Pronoun जो Noun of Multitude (जिसमें अनेक व्यक्तियों का आभास हो) को इंगित करता है, बहुवचन में प्रयुक्त होता है।

Examples : 

The jury were  divided in their opinion.   (Noun of Multitude

✓(11) यदि कोई Pronoun को किसी Noun या दूसरे Pronoun से जोड़ा जाता है तो एक ही केस में प्रयुक्त होते हैं.

Examples: 

Sheela and me are best friends. (X)

Sheela and I are best friends (√)

Mohan and me went to see the Gateway  of India.

Mohan and I went to see the gateway of India

✓(12) यदि कोई Personal Pronoun Verb या Preposition का Object हो तो उस Objective है तो वही case रहता है। जो Sentence के आरम्भ में था।

Examples:

Let me do this work.

She should not depend on him.

It is between him and me.

✓(13) Then और  as Conjunction है। इनके बाद Personal Pronoun का वही केस रहता है जो Sentence के आरम्भ में था।

Examples:

Rohit is as tall as I

He loves me more than I.

✓(14) ऐसे noun जो दोनों ही लिंग (Gender) का उल्लेख करते हों। जैसे (person, student, doctor, scholar, advocate, member, scientist, etc.) तो ऐसे Noun के लिए सामान्यता Masculine Pronoun (he etc.) Use किये जाते हैं। लेकिन यदि Context से यह स्पष्ट हो कि Person एक  Girl या woman है तो  'Femonine' Pronouns' का use होता है।

Examples: 

A good student brings his books to the class.

       But 

The Secretary of the Lioness Club has announced that one of the members has not given her subscription.

✓(15) जब कोई Pronoun  विभिन्न Person के Noun या Pronoun को इंगित करता है तो Second Pronoun की प्राथमिकता में First Person Plural और Third Person की प्राथमिकता में Second Person Plural का use होता है।

Examples : 

You and I have learnt our lesson.

(Our is the Plural of the First Person.)

You and Shyam wasted your time.

(Your is the plural of the second person)

____________________________________________

Uses of 'It' :

✓1 Natural Incident (प्राकृतिक घटना) जैसे–

Season, earthquake, आदि  अथवा समय (time) ,*› दिन, (day) वर्ष (year)  कक बतलाने के लिए  'It' का प्रयोग होता है इसे Natural Introductory कहा जाता है

Examples:

It is winter.

It is five o'clock.

It is Monday.

It is raining.

✓2. किसी निर्जीव (lifeless) वस्तु के लिए It का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

Examples:

It is a pen.

It is a chair.

✓3. छोटे छोटे जानवर अथवा कीड़े-मकोड़े के लिए  It का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

Examples:

It is a dog.

It is an ant.

4.✓किसी Noun या Promoun पर ज़ोर (Emphasis) देने के लिये it का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

Examples:

It is Shanky who helped him last night.

It is the director that we want to see.

5✓. छोटे बच्चे (Small children/babies) जिनके लिंग (Sex) की जानकारी नहीं हो, के लिए भी  It का प्रयोग किया जाता रहा है।

Examples:

The child was playing with its toys.

The baby is crying because It is hungry.

Here child/baby are not known whether boy or girl)

Order of Pronouns:

231

2 Second person

3 Third person

1 First Person

Example:

✓>You,he,Ill leave for Mumbai tonight(231)

=>You , I and he have to help her. (213)(X)

=✓>  You, he and I have (231)

=> I, he and you have committed sin.(132)x

=> I, you and he have committed a sin.(132)✓

=> I & he her are late/He and I are late(13-31x

=> I, he and You are to be blamed

(Order-First person, Second Person, Third Person)

=> You and I have committed a crime(X) (21)

=> I and You have committed a crime.✓ (12)

=> (Our) You, he and I are doing our work

=> (Your) You and he are doing your work

=> You and I are doing our work

__________________________________________

II Reflexiive & Emphatic Pronouns

III. Demonstrative Pronoun

IV. Distributive Ptpnoun

V. Reciprocal Pronoun

VI.Indefinite Pronoun

VII. Interrogative Pronoun

VIII. Relative Prpnoun

1. Noun

1. Classification of NOUN : 

Noun is a naming word that refers to a person, place and thing. किसी व्यक्ति, स्थान या वस्तु के नाम को व्यक्त करने वाले शब्दों को  Noun (संज्ञा) कहते हैं । e.g. Manoj, Ravi, Cow, Dog, Gold, Kolkata, Jaipur, Truth, Honesty, Air, etc. NOTE : वस्तु शब्द के विचार में आने वाले सभी पदार्थों का वर्णन आ जाता है।

There are five kinds of Noun

✓Common noun

✓Proper noun

✓Material Noun

✓Collective noun

✓Abstract Noun

__________________________________________

✓Common Noun

किसी व्यक्ति, स्थान, वस्तु जो एक ही जाति के हों , के नाम को Proper Noun (Common Noun) की संज्ञा दी गई है।

Examples: 

=> Man is a social animal

=> Cow give us milk

=>His books are lying on the table.

अर्थात (जाति) Common से यही तातपर्य है, जो किसी जाति की प्रत्येक वस्तु  का बोध कराये।  जैसे : Boy, Girl, City, State, Country, etc.

________________________________________"

✓Proper Noun        

किसी व्यक्ति, स्था, या वस्तु  विशेष  के नाम को Proper Noun कहा जाता है । अर्थात व्यक्ति से तातपर्य है, निजी, अपना (one's own)। अतः विशेष नाम (Proper Noun) किसी व्यक्ति का अपना या निजी नाम होता है ।।    जैसे : Ashoka, Sita, Agra, India etc. 

Examples:

=> Shakespeare was a poet. 

=> Lucknow is the capital of U.P. 

=>The Bhagwat Gita is a religious scripture.

NOTE : 1. Proper Noun सदैव Capital अक्षर से आरम्भ होते हैं । जैसे : The Mahabharata, Delhi, Manoj. etc. 2. Proper Nouns का समान्यतः बहुवचन नहीं होता है । 3. Proper Noun कभी-कभी Common Nouns की तरह प्रयुक्त होते हैं । जैसे : He was the Lukman (=the wisest man) of his age. 3. Kalidas is often called the Shakespeare (=the greatest dramatist) of India. 4.Common Noun एक जाति की दूसरी जाति से पृथक होना दर्शाता है। Proper Noun एक व्यक्ति/वस्तु को दूसरे व्यक्ति/वस्तु से पृथक करता है ।

___________________________________________

✓Material Noun :                       

Material Noun की संज्ञा उन तत्वों/वस्तुओं को दी गई है जिनसे वस्तु/ पदार्थ तैयार किये जाते हैं ।।Examples : 

=> Silver is cheaper than Gold. 

=> Copper is used  as any alloy. 

=> Axe is made of Iron.                                         NOTE : 1 Material Noun उन पदार्थों की ओर इंगित करता है जो Quantity या भार से तोले/गिने जाते हैं। (नम्बर या इकाई से नही)  

2 Material Noun बहुवचन में (कुछ विशेष रूप में प्रयोग होने के अतिरिक्त) प्रयोग नहीं होते। जब उनका प्रयोग बहुवचन में किया जाता है, वे निज जाति की विभिन्नताओं को दर्शाते हैं। 

Example : Wines. Here wines  denote different  varieties of sugar and wine. 

_________________________________________

✓Collective Noun : 

व्यक्ति या वस्तु समुह को दर्शाने वाले Nouns  को Collective Noun की संज्ञा दी गई है। Examples : 

=> There are sixty students in my class. (Plural)

=> India has a splendid Army. (Singular)

=> The mob has become unruly. (Singular)

=> Parliament is considering the bill. (Singular)

Note : जब Collective Noun का प्रयोग इस प्रकार किया जाए कि दर्शाये गए व्यक्ति एक इकाई (Whole/Unit) नहीं, बल्कि पृथक रूप में दर्शाये गए हों, तो उसे Noun of multitude कहते हैं। अतः Noun of Multitude बहुवचन में प्रयोग होता है तथा Collective Noun एकवचन में => => The Jury consist of eight  persons. (Collective Noun) 

=> The Jury were divided  in their  opinions. (Noun of multitude) (Plural)

__________________________________________

✓Abstract Noun :

Abstract Noun की संज्ञा उन गुणों  अथवा विचारों को दी गई है जो ठोस नहीं है। अर्थात Abstract शब्द का अर्थ है--'अलग करना'।

=> Health, Theft, Honour, Beauty, Hatred, Truth, Fragrance, Judgement, etc.   

Note: 

Abstract Noun उसे कहते हैं जिसे देखा, चखा, छुआ, या सुंघा नहीं जा सकता, परन्तु जो दिमाग से अनुभव किया जा सकता है।

____________________________________________

           2.  Classification of Common Noun

आधुनिक अंग्रेजी व्याकर्णविदों के अनुसार Nouns (संज्ञाओं) का वर्गीकरण इस आधार पर किया गया है कि वे 'गणनीय' (Countable) है या 'अगणीय' (Uncountable

✓(i)  Countable Common Nouns

✓(ii) Unmountable Common Nouns

✓(I) Countable Common Nouns

Countable Nouns उन वस्तुओं, व्यक्तियों के नाम हैं जिनकी हम गणना कर सकते हैं। जैसे : Book, Pen, Apple, Girl, Teacher, Horse etc.

✓(II) Uncountable Common Noun.

Uncountable Common Nouns उन व्यक्तियों, वस्तुओं के नाम हैं जिनकी हम गणना नहीं कर सकते हैं । जैसे : Milk, Oil, Sugar, Gold, Honesty। 

ये मुख्यतः तत्वों और अमूर्त वस्तुओं को सूचित करते हैं।

Examples: Countable Noun

Stars, Seconds, Rupees, etc.

Money, Time, Knowledge etc.

Verb : Countable Noun 

Singular with Singular Noun, Plural with Plural Noun

Adjective Countable Noun

Many, Few, a number of, the number of

Much, Little, Quantity of 

Article Countable Noun

A/An the can be used

_________________________________"""""

Examples uncountable Noum

Money, Time, knowladge erc

Verb Uncountable noun

Singular Verb

Adjective Uncountable Noun

Much, little, quantity of 

Article Uncountable Noun

Only 'the" can be used

________________________________________'

Note : 

✓(I) Countable Nouns के बहुवचन रूप होते हैं जबकि  Uncountable Nouns के बहुवचन  रूप नहीं होते हैं। जैसे हम books कह सकते हैं, किन्तु milks नहीं कह सकते।

✓(II) Uncountable Nouns के अंतर्गत Abstract व Material Nouns आते हैं। इनके पूर्व a/an Indefinite Articles का प्रयोग नहीं होता है। a/an का प्रयोग उस Condition में होता है, जब इनके पूर्व Adjective का प्रयोग होता है। जैसे : a  bit of news, a piece of  information. 

✓(III) कुछ abstract Nouns (Qualities, Action) Countable होते हैं। 

जैसे : Joys, Sorrows, Miseries etc.

Make corrections the under bracket words where ever is necessary.

____________________________________________

Exercise 1.1

1, He put on his pants and went to see deer. He met many sheep on the way.

2, India won in the first inning He cut the news with scissors and kept the clipping in his trousers 

3, The images are very beautiful in the poetry of Keats. 

4, In communist countries wage earners are given great importance. They are given a good (premise) to live in. 

5, He gave me advice to see the scenery of Kashmir. 

6, The information that this firm supplies good furniture and stationery proved wrong.

7. There was a quarrel among the sons on the effects left by their late father. It told upon their morals. The uncle took great pains to settle the matter

___________________________________________।           3.  The Noun Number 

जब noun एक व्यक्ति / वस्तु को पदर्शित करता है, तो वह Singular में होता है । जब वह एक से अधिक संख्या दर्शाते हैं, तो Plural में कहा जाता  है 

=> Man, Child, Table, (Singular Nouns)  

=> Men, Children, Tables (Plural Nouns)  

Note : किंतु Proper, Abstract, औऱ Material Noun का Plural नहीं होता । जैसे : Ram, Darkness, Curd, etc. इन सभी का Plural तभी हो सकता है जब उनसे किसी चीज  की प्रकार  या जाति समझी जाती हो जैसे : 

Virtues, wines etc.

(1). Rules : Formation of Plurals 

Singular   / Plural

Cow।           / Cows

Boy।             /Boys

Apple।        / Apples

Time।          / Time

(2) End in s/ss/z/sh/x/ch

Kindness।        / Kindnesses

Lens                 / Lense

Gas                   /Gases

End--in 'z' ; / +z+es.

Fuzz।           /Fuzzes

Quiz।          /Quizzes

Topaz        / Topazes

Ends in 'sh'

+sh+Flash / Flashe

Brush          / Brushes

Hash          / Heshes 

Ends in 'ch'  /+ch+es

Bunch          /Bunches 

Ends in 'x'+x+es

Mix             /Mixes

Box            / Boxes

Fax           / Faxes

End in +ch। / Ch+s

Stomach।  /Stomachs

Couch।   /Conchs

Monarch।  /Monarchs सम्राट

3. End in 'y' +ies

Harmony।  /Harmonies

Baby।        / Babies

Thievery।   /Thieveries

Army।    /Armies

City।         /Cities

Petty।          /Pretties

End in vowel +'y' +ys

Holiday

Journey

Holidays

Journeys

Guy

Key

Guys

Keys

4. End in + f/fe

+ves

Thief

Loaf

Calf

Thieves

Loaves

Calves

Wolf

Shelf

Self

Wolves

Shelves

Selves

Ending with 'f'

Life

Wife

Knife

f+ves

Lives

Wives

Knives

Exception

+s

Chief

Roof

Gulf

Serf

Chiefs

Roofs

Gulfs

Serfs

Brief

Handkerchief

Dwarf

Safe

Briefs

Handkerchiefs

Dwarfs

Safes

5. Ending 'o'

es

Tomato

Mango

Mosquito

Tomatoes

Mangoes

Mosquitoes

Negro

Buffalo

Negroes

Buffaloes

6. Ending 'o'

Dynamo

Piano

Soprano

Consonant +s

Dynamoes

Pianos

Sopranos

Kilo

Quarto

Solo

Kilos

Quartos

Solos

7.ending in+Vowel+vowel

Ratio

Folio

S

Ratios

Folios

Stereo

Cuckoo

Studio

Stereos

Cuckoos

Studios

8. Noun

ManMen

GooseGeese

WomanWomen

Sound change

MouseMice

FootFeet

LouseLice

ToothTeeth

9. Noun/Noun+en/ten/ Noun+Prep+Noun

OxOxen

ChildChildren

BrotherBrothers

10. /

Commander in chiefCommanders in chief

Court martialCourts martial

Man in lawMen in law

Daughter in lawDaughters in law

Noun+s+Prep+Noun

Coat of mail।        /Coats of mail

Editor of general /Editors in general

Son in law। /Sons in law

Postmaster general   /Post masters general

(I)Compound Noun Verb

Hanger on /Hangers up

Runner up।  /Runners up

Looker on।        /Lookers on

Passer by   /Passers by

er noun+adverb

(II) दूसरे शब्द का 

Arm chair

Boy friend

Break in

Se daughter

Grown up

Stand by

बहुवचन कर के

Arm chairs

Boy friends

Break ins

Step daughters

Grown ups

Stand bys

(III) दोनो शब्दों का 

Man doctor

Men servent

बहुवचन करके

Men doctors

Men servent

Woman drive

Man driver

Woman soldier

Women drivers

Men drivers

Women soldiers

Alphabet के words में गणित की इकाईयों तथा अन्य चिन्ह के बहुवचन apostrophe (') तथा s लगाकर बनते हैं।या उनके बिना।

Examples:

(I) There are more a's than e's on this page.

(II) Dot your y's and cross your p's.

(III) Add two 5's and four 2's.

12. कुछ foreign शब्दों के plural निम्न प्रकार के होते हैं

From Latin:

Erratum

Index

Radius

Formula

Memorandum

Synopses

Thesis

Candelabrum

Phenomenon

Agandum

Datum

Stratum

Medium

Vertebra

From Italian:

Madame

Monsieur

From Latin:

Errata

Indexes

Radi

Formulas

Memoranda

Synopsis

Thesrs

Candelabra

Phenomena

Aganda

Data

Strata

Medium

Vertebrae

From Italian:

Madames

Monsieurs

From French:

Cheru

Seraph

From English Pattern

Focus

Fungus

Terminus

Radius

Syllabus

Automation

Aquarium

Curriculum

Parenthesis

Hypothesis

Phenomenon

Criterion

From French:

Cherubs

Seraphs

From English Pattern

Focuses

Funguses

Terminusrs

Radiuses

Syllabuses

Automations

Aquariums

Curriculums

Parentheses

Hypotheses

Phenomena

Criteria

Alumnus

Bacillus

Locus

Stimulus

Diagnosis

Ellipsis

Oasis

Gymnasium

Criterion

Sanatorium

Symposium

Dogma

From Greek:

Axis

Crisis

Basis

Analysis

Alumni

Bacilli

Lici

Stimuli

Diagnoses

Ellipses

Oases

Gymnasiums

Criterions

Sanatoriums

Symposiums

Dogmas

From Greek:

Axes

Crises

Bases

Analyses

(13) कुछ noun Compound Noun जैसे दिखाई देते हैं पर उन्हें  One word ही माना जाता है। अतः  उनका plural इस प्रकार बनना चाहिए।

Spoonfuls (nonspoonful)

Handfuls (non handsful)

Spoonfuls of medicine.

Handfuls of grains

Cupfuls (Non cupful)

Glassful (non glassfuls coffee.

Cupfuls of tea

Glassful cupfuls coffee

(14) कुछ Nouns के plural तथा Singular एक से होते हैं।

Sheep

Grouse

Trout

Pice

Common

Spices

Cod

Sheep

Grouse

Trout

Pice

Common

Spices

Cod

भेड़

 गुनगुनानेवाला

 ट्राउट

 पैसा

 सामान्य

 मसाले

 सीओडी

 

Deer

Swine

Corps

Apparatus

Series

Fish

Salmon

Deer

Swine

Corps

Apparatus

Series

Fish

Salmon

हिरन

 सुअर

 कोर

 उपकरण

 श्रृंखला

 मछली

 सैमन

Examples :

A series of lecture was delivered.

There are eighty fish in this pond.

This species of sparrow is very rare.

There are many species of birds in this zoo.

Exercise 1.2 (f or fe => es) (f=>v)

My daughters in law who are in Agra have come to visit us.

मेरी बहुएं जो आगरा में हैं हमसे मिलने आई हैं।

Running the five, star hotel needs much more money than what we have in our account.

फाइव, स्टार होटल को चलाने के लिए हमारे खाते में जितने पैसे हैं, उससे कहीं ज्यादा पैसे की जरूरत है।

Some South Indian mangoes are sold in the North too. Some South Indian heroes are also popular.

कुछ दक्षिण भारतीय आम उत्तर में भी बेचे जाते हैं।  कुछ दक्षिण भारतीय नायक भी लोकप्रिय हैं।

The Loaves she gave me were stale. I gave them to the calves.

उसने मुझे जो रोटियाँ दीं, वे बासी थीं।  मैंने उन्हें बछड़ों को दे दिया।

The thieves took away all things that were kept on the shelves.

चोरों ने अलमारियों में रखा सारा सामान ले लिया।

She had no real brother. When her two mothers in law teased her she went to the house of her brothers. There she had two step mothers.

उसका कोई सगा भाई नहीं था।  जब उसकी दोनों सासों ने उसे चिढ़ाया तो वह अपने भाइयों के घर चली गई।  वहाँ उसकी दो सौतेली माँएँ थीं।

The doctor have tried many formulae to kill the harmful bacilli, For stimuli they prescribe vitamins.

डॉक्टर ने हानिकारक जीवाणुओं को मारने के लिए कई फार्मूले आजमाए हैं, उत्तेजना के लिए वे विटामिन लिखते हैं।

The teacher drew two radii in the curricula.

शिक्षक ने पाठ्यचर्या में दो चित्रो को खींचीं।

The university drew their own htpotheses and included them in their synopsis There are no criterion for sich phenomenon

विश्वविद्यालय ने अपने स्वयं के htpotheses को आकर्षित किया और उन्हें अपने सारांश में शामिल किया सिच घटना के लिए कोई मानदंड नहीं हैं

कुछ Noun बहुवचन में ही प्रयोग होते हैं Examples:

Animals

Drawers

Measles

Premisses

Innings

Amends

Assets

Tongs

जानवरों

दराज़

खसरा

परिसर

पारी

हरजाना

संपत्ति

चिमटा

Pants

Means

Jeans

Lodgings

Savings

Victuals

Fetters

Nuptials

पैंट

माध्य

जीन्

आवास

बचत

अन्न

बेड़ी

शादी

Remains

Spectacles

Scissors

Binoculars

Thanks

Trousers

Socks

Giddings

खंडहर

चश्मा

कैंची

दूरबीन

धन्यवाद

पैजामा

मोज़े

गिडिंग्स

(16) कुछ शब्द जो 's' में अंत होते हैं उनका use एकवचन तथा बहुवचन दोनों प्रकार से किया जाता है जैसे

A means of transport

A species of bird

A television series

Many means of transport

Many species of birds

Two television series

(17) कुछ एकवचन वाले Nouns बहुवचन verb के साथ प्रयोक्त होते हैं क्योंकि वे मानव समूह के रूप में use होते हैं।

Government

Staff

Team

Family

Audience

Community

Company

Firm

(18) धन राशि, समय-अवधि, दूरी, आदि इकाई माने जाते हैं। अतः उनके साथ singular verb का use होता है।

Examples: 

An amount of thirty thousand pounds was stolen in the robbery.

Eleven miles is a long distance to walk.

(19) कुछ Noun का अर्थ  Singular and Plural में अलग होता है।

Nouns in Singular

Their Meaning

Nouns in Plural

Their Meaning

Advice

Air

Counsel

Atmosphere

Aiir

Airs

Information

Proud, Behaviour

कुछ nouns का एक meaning in the singular and दूसरा in the plural होता है जैसे:

Spectacle

Letters

Minutes

Pain

Arms

Manner

Custom

Colour

Moral

Effect

Ground

Sight

Alphabet

A unit of time

Care

Weapons

Method

Habit

Flags

Conflict

Property

Reason

Spectacles

Letters

Minute

Pains ache

Arms

Manners

Custom

Colours

Morals

Effects

Ground

Eye-glasses

Learning's

Proceeding of a meaning.

Troubles

Under limbs

Behaviour

Duties on goods

Hue

Lesson

Result

Earth

Examples:

A. The teacher ordered the students to stand up with their arms raised.

B. Pakistan is buying Arms from foreign.

A. A man suffering from chest pain.

B. Parents took a lot of pains in looking after them.

A. Wait for a minute. I'm just coming.

B. The manager circulate minutes of last meeting 

A. Fill this form in capital letters.

B He is a man of letters.

A. The Spectacle of Diwali Mela was eye-catching.

B. I have lost my Spectacles

There are some nouns that change their  meaning when used in the plural form.

कुछ nouns के दो plural दो तरह के होते हैं और दोनों का अर्थ भिन्न भिन्न होता है।

Singular Noun

Plural Noun

Meaning

Plural 2

Meaning

Brother

Brothers

Son of same Parents

Brethren

Members of a community/Socitey

Cloth

Cloths

Kinds or pieced of cloth

Clothes

Garments

Die

Dies

Stamps for coining

Dice

Small cubes for playing

Genius

Geniuses

Talented persond

Genius

Spirits

Index

Indexes

Tables of contents

Indices

Signs in Algebra

Shot

Shots

Balls of iron throw stroke/hit in certain games

Shots (from shoot)

Firing from the gun

Fish

Fish

Considered Collectively

Fishs

Considered separately

Penny 

Pennies

Separate

Pence

A collective noun

Formula

Formulae

Rules of Mathematics

Formulas

Methods of application

Examples :

I, (a). We are four brothers. (Son of same parents)

   (b) Be helpful to your brothers at the time of this flood crisis. (Mamber, Society Nature)

II. (a) Pleasure to wash off there cloths.

    (b) Gandhiji use to wear Swadeshi clothes.

III. (a) He purchased die for his factory. (Stamps for coining)

     (b) He played a smart trick while throwing the dice on the board.(small cubes for playing)

IV. (a) it's very difficult for me to learn mathematical formulae. Rules of mathematics)

     (b) A number of formulas were offered. (modes of application)

EXERCISE 1.4.

Sense of the noun

Chicken-pox

Neither-nor

Trousers

Forty rupees

Statistics

Verb-Singular/Plural

Is-Singular

Has- Singlar

Are-Plural

Is-Singular

Is-Singular

The summons

As well as

The jury

The poor

Scissors

Have-Plural

Is-Singular

Have-Plural

Deserve-Plural

Are- Plural

EXERCISE 1.5

Choose the correct alternative and fill in the blanks in the following sentences:

Sheep live in flocks.

He is suffering from measles.

Where are my spectacles kept?

His hair are grey.

A building made of brick and stone.

The Commanders-in-chief (D)attended the meeting.

A five-rupee © note was found by me on the road.

Rahul studied in a boys' school

She was very helpful, She gave me some very useful advice.

These five children are her offspring. (वंशज)

She has learnt the alphabet by heart.

The audience highly applauded the presentation of the play.

It's undesirable (आवंशनिय/हानिकारक) to carry heavy luggage in this old age.

Romantic poetry is subjective in nature.

My sister-in-law is appearing for High School examination.

(1,) Some important Rule Related to Nouns.

[Singular Noun + Preposition + Singular Noun (Same) ]

Day by day

Day after day

Row upon row

(2) Ten rupees, Ten Miles +Noun] => [Ten rupee, Ten mile.]

Examples:

Ten rupees have been spent. But.

I have a ten rupee note

He had a five mile walk (n.) yesterday

(3) No changeable Singular and Plural Nouns

Series, Species, Sheep, Deer, Fish, but,

Fishes (Variety of fish)

 (4) if dozen, hundred, thousand, million + (one, two, three, etc) =Similar form.

Not to be Plural form: dozens, hundreds, etc. Without 'of'

Examples:

Five dozen eggs have been bought.(√) Five dozens. (X)

[Indefinite Number => Plural form]

Dozens of eggs. (√)

Hundreds of students. Similarly

In hundreds in thousands, in Dozens (√)

(5) Advice, machinery, soap, apparatus, furniture, and information, language, luggage, baggage, breakage, drapery, imagery, poetry, dust, etc. => Uncountable Nouns. Not Plural, not article (a, an) plus

Examples: 

He gave me lots of (many places of) advice.

Radha sold her furniture.

Rajesh sold some furniture.

Rajesh's friend bought some places of furniture.

Please give me all information about the accident

(6) Bread is an uncountable noun. If countable sense then 'A piece of bread,' a lot of loaves'

Examples:

He got two loaves of bread.

He eats bread/a loaf of bread.

(7) Place means स्थान whereas room means कमरा व जगह (space) दोनों होता है।

There is not a room for us in the car.

(8) Poetry is an uncountable noun. For a poem is Countable noun.

It's a nice piece of poetry. (Uncountable

It's a nice poem. (Countable)

(9) Cardboard, Education, Equipment, and Go are uncountable Nouns.

A lot of food is used for बहुत खाना/बहुत भोजन ;

They need some cardboard for this.

They need some pieces of cardboard for this.

His sons need some education.

I need some new equipment.

I took some  food to eat.

I too a lot of food to eat.

(10) Scene countable and Scenery uncountable is: 

Let's see–

The scenery around here is beautiful.

This is a beautiful scene. (बेहद खूबसूरत नजारा, दर्शय)

This is a beautiful place of scenery.

(11) Five-year-old boy, Six- month-old girl, Three-week-old-friend, Two-day-old baby etc are written.

Though year/month/week/day with (s) not be used.

But Six years old, five weeks old are written.

A five-dollar bill, A four-foot ladder, A six-mile walk, A ten-minute conversation, A two-hour exam, etc.

(12) Another Singular; with 'another' is not to be used Singular Noun whisht 'other' is plural noun. 

Let's see:-

They live in another town. (Singular)

Have you got another letter? (Singular)

Have you got other letters? (Plural)

(13) Noun/Pronoun is always Singular after come to be 'Each'.

Though Everything, Everybody, and Everyone is always Singular. 

Let's see:-

Each house is white.

They help each other.

Each wanted a novel for himself.

Everything is ready.

Everybody was there.

Everyone has a pen.

But, If (One, Each, Everybody, Everyone, etc). Is after comes use (of)  then Noun /Pronoun is Always  Plural.

Each of the students has gone. (विद्यार्थियों में से हर एक)

Each of the players had gone. (खिलाड़ियों में से हर एक 

One of the most intelligent boys. (सबसे बुद्धिमान लड़कों में से एक

(14) Nonsense, Weather, and progress uncountable nouns, that before not to be (a/an) used,

But A piece of nonsense, a spell of weather (a/an) is used.

That ways sometimes 'Knowledge' and  magic are uncountable nouns, So, before that neither used (a) and nor add (s) is made Plural. But knowledge sometimes (a) is used. 

Let's see:-

Knowledge is power (Learning)

He has a knowledge of the truth, (Information)

He has a good knowledge of English/London. (Information)

By means of books knowledge is spread.

I saw magic yesterday

It's nice weather.

What nonsense to have a picnic today

(15) A Lot off / Lots of / Plenty of ; (बहुत सारा) after using  Plural Countable Noun/Uncountable Noun are used. 

Let's See:-

There are a lot of people in the meeting.

A lot of pens and books are on the table.

There is a lot of money in his pocket.

He saw a lot of films in his students life.

Whereas 'One of' + Plural Noun (Singular, because actually subject is One)

Singular:

Teaching English is one of my tasks.

One of his brothers is a typist.(उसके भाइयों में से एक)

One of the boys was ill.

One of the pens has no ink

(16) Pictures means Cinema. When this word is always Plural Noun. 

'Surroundings'  Plural. (परिवेश)

Thus high/low/good+spirits = Plural (Always)

Spirits means "mood" 

Let's see:

Payal and Shanky went to the pictures to see 'English Vinglish'.

Our surroundings were pleasant.

There are in high spirits today.

(17) Now-a-days => [आजकल]  / Sometimes => [कभी कभी] / Whereabouts=> [पता ठिकाना]

Now-a-days, the cities are very crowded.

Sometimes, I take milk for breakfast.

His whereabouts is /are still unknown.

Now-a-days, children prefer TV to radio.

But:

See me some time tomorrow.

(18) Two-thirds, Thanks, orders, (Commands given with authority),

Alms, (भीख) Glasses, Assets, (सम्पति) Scales, तराजू) Vegetables, Eatables, Bowels, (आंत)

Fetters (हथकड़ी) Credentials (परिचय पत्र), Pants, Pyjamas, Shirts, Moveables, Ashes,

(From the fire, Cigarette ash) always in are used Plural Noun.

These as noun shouldn't remove (S or ES) for use Singular the same meaning. As:

Asset means when 'quality' then it uses also in Singular.

Good health is a great asset

Beauty is Sita's only asset.

(19) Collective Nouns: As- (A group (of things)

Generally are singular. 

Let's see: 

A crowd (of people), 

A herd (of cattle)

A flock (of sheep)

A regiment (of soldiers)

A congregation (of worshippers (भजन मंडली)

A group of people was in the meeting.

A herd of cattle was stolen yesterday

A flock of sheep is grazing.

A team of cricket players is there

A crowd of girls is in the playground

(20) In English is some as Collective Nouns (group nouns) 

According to the Form Singular, but  according to the meaning Plural..

So obviously  with nouns according to  those are used Singular /Plural verb.

Let's see, 

The Public/Audience was/were enjoying the Magic Show

The Committee has/have considered your request.

The vast Majority of Students need/needs financial support at present.

The Government has/have broken its/ their promise.

But when The Group is considered as a single undivided body.

then Singular Verb is used with it. Let's see:

The public consists of you and me.(शामिल)

The Audience was enormous. (एकमत)

My Company is opening a new factory

But, If the members above Collective noun these are sense then they are considered the Plural 

Let's see, 

The Team was strong. (Singular)

The Team were fighting among  themselves

Group were plural if divided their statements

Group were Singular if united it's opinion

(21) Goods, Premises (आहाता), People, Police, Riches, Scissors, Shears, Trousers Etc. are always used in Plural Form. 

And Plural Verb only with their. Let's see:-

(21) I  The goods were sent to your house. (Plural)

These premises look very big. (Plural)

The police were sent to the hospital. (Plural

But, when these before (pair of…) addition 

(A pair of shoes/Shears/Scissors/gloves{trousers.)then those considered the Singular

That pair of shoes is of Ram.

This pair of gloves belongs to him. (whereas)

His shoes were clean.

His trousers were torn

(22) After  (A lot of / Plenty of / A great deal of / Most of / Some of, Uncountable Noun always is used in Singular Form and Plural Form In a Countable Noun is used. Let's see:-

He has plenty of rice.

Rakesh has plenty of opportunity.

Most of the boys are ill.

Most of the sigar is sold.

(23) I. People, Cattle, Police, Gentry, Peasantry,  Nobility, Poultry, Electorate, Riches and Sheep always uses in Plural Verb while disease names such as: Measles, Mumps and  Diabetes  are considered 'Singular'.

The cattle were grazing in the field.

Ramji has five sheep.

Measles is a serious disease.

II. Tools, OR Instrument : Bellows, Fetters, Pincers, Tongs, Arms etc.

III Articles of Dress : Trousers, Trappings, Pants, Patloom Pyjamas, etc.

(24) With After this only, When Mathematics, Politics, Physics. Economics, Ethics, Dynamics, Classics, Phonetics, Linguistics, etc. are used in the form of any subject.

But, when these use in Plural meaning then it's these qualitie sense and generally these before adding (his/the/such).

Physics/Mathematics is a difficult subject.

भौतिकी/गणित एक कठिन विषय है।

Politics has no attraction for his family.

उनके परिवार के लिए राजनीति का कोई आकर्षण नहीं है।

 A Person's ethics/politics are his own affair.

एक व्यक्ति की नैतिकता/राजनीति उसका अपना मामला है।

The economics of the country have yet to be improved

देश की अर्थव्यवस्था में अभी सुधार होना बाकी है।

Some Nouns in these ending (s) => (es) they are used with Singular Verb.

(I) Games & Supports : Billboards, Draughts, Gymnastics, Athletes, Darts, etc.

(II) Titles of Books : Arabon Nights, War and Peace, Three Musketeers, Gulliver's, Travels, Tales From Shakespeare etc.

(III) Descriptive Names of Countries : United States, United Arab Emirates, New South Wales, Persian Gulf State etc.

Summons, Gallows.

When 'Statistics' is used  the form  of Subject then Singular Verb and 'Collection of Data' 's point then Plural Verb is used.

1 Statistics is his favorite study.

                   -But-

2 Official statistics show real wage declining by 25%.

(25) Abstract Noun 's not to be Plural. When such words are showed in use Plural then in facts those likevCommon Noun.

Such as, Provocation's, instances or cases; Kindnesses-acts of kindness.

EXERCISE 1.6.

Fill in the blanks by choosing the correct opinion give below, :

1, I must help him. After all. We are brothers of same profession.

2. Has he Agenda for tomorrow's meeting been drawn up?

3. All the Topazs were sold. You are too late to buy them.

4. Heavy decoration and lighting was displayed on all the Church's of the city on evening  of Christmas

5. To prevent yourself from Mosquitoes use 'good night  mat

6. His heart is full of hatred.

7. At night, I read the story of ten little Dwarfs  and saw all of them in my dream.

8. 

The word Noun means --A Name,

Clearly Nouns are Naming words, They Name, Persons, Places, Animals, things, Quality, States, Actions, Feelings, etc.

They may be used as Subject, Objects, or Compliments in Sentences.

Let's study them in details ;

A, Read these sentences and observe the words in bold type :

Anil is a cunning boy.

My mother is an old lady.

Mohan and Mala are friends

Anita's brother is a doctor.

The Postman brought me a letter. 

Mr. Johan is an able teacher.

All the words in bold type are name of Persons.

B, Read these sentences and observe the word in bold type :

Our school is near the bus-stop.

Kolkata is a very large city.

 Lions and tigers are live in forests.

Your house is on the road-side.

Paris is the capital of France.

The river flows through a narrow valley.

All the words in bold type are name of Places

C, Read these sentenced and observe the words in bold type :

Cows live on in grass.

Tigers and lions kill deer and hares.

   The sheep is a meek animals.

Mrs. Dass keeps hens and ducks.

The eagle is a king of birds.

All the words in bold type are name of Animals

D. Read these sentences and observe the words in bold type :

My books are on the table.

The pen is in the inkpot.

  Picture and the chart are hanging on the wall.

She is bought a Ribbon and a hairpin.

The hawker is selling mangoes and melons.

All the words in bold type are names of Things.

E. Read these sentences and observe the words in bold type :

Honesty pays in the long run.

We must treat animals with kindness.

 An elephants has immense strength.

Patience is so dear to God.(भगवान को धैर्य बहुत प्रिय है।)

Beauty can not be made

All the words in bold type are names of Quality.

F Read these sentences and observe in the word in bold type 

Prosperity attacks friends.समृद्धि दोस्तों पर हमला करती है।

Happiness consists in  contentment. खुशी संतोष में निहित है।

 Slavery is a big cures गुलामी एक बहुत बड़ा अभिशाप है

Freedom is a great blessing indeed.स्वतंत्रता वास्तव में एक महान वरदान है

All the words in bold type are names of States.

G.  Read these sentences and observe the word in the bold type 

(a)  The here and the tortoise have a Race. खरगोश और कछुआ की एक दौड़ है।

(b) Late sings very sweets Songs.

© The baby enjoyed a sound sleep.

(d) She has a graceful gait.

All the words in bold type are names of Actions.

H. Read these sentences and observe the words in bold type

I have Sympathy with you.

Sorrow must be shared       दुख बांटना चाहिए

 Joy is also short-lived.

His behaviour put me in wonder.

All the words in bold type are named of Feelings.

All these various types of naming words are called NOUNS.

A noun in the name of a person, place, animal, thing, quality, action States, feeling etc.