11. Errors of Auxiliary Verbs
Auxiliary Verb
Auxiliary is a verb that is used with another verb to show the verb's tense, voice, mood etc.
Verbs be [am, are, is, was, were, will etc.].
Verbs have [have, has, had]
Verbs do [do, does, did]
जब ordinary verb के साथ प्रयुक्त होती है तथा विभिन्न tenses, passive फॉर्म्स, questions aur negative बनाती है तो Auxiliary verb कहलाती है। Auxiliary = सहायक]
Kinds of Auxiliary Verb
Primary Auxiliary
Model Auxiliary
(I) Primary Auxiliary and Their Usage.
Be (is, am, are, was, were, be, been, being=
Do (do, does, did)
Have (has, have, had)
These are also called 'Anomalous Verb'
Rules
A, BE [4]
Be, is an Auxiliary Verb
(1). इसका प्रयोग Continuous Tense बनाने के लिए करते हैं,
Examples:
They are writing letters.
She is weeping.
(2). इसका प्रयोग एक वाक्य को Passive Voice बनाने के लिए करते हैं,
Examples:
The gate was opened.
They were caught red-handed.
(3) किसी योजना को indicate करने के लिए,
Examples:
They are to be married next week.
She is to see me tomorrow.
(4) आदेश या आज्ञा प्रकट करने के लिए,
Examples:
You are to go to the market at once.
You are to write these two letters.
(B) 'BE' (5)
Be, as a Main Verb
(5.1). यह main verb के रूप में Subject को अपने पूरक से जोड़ती है
Examples:
My father is a teacher.
She is weak in English.
उपरोक्त दोनों वाक्यों में 'A teacher's (Noun) तथा 'weak' (Adjective) को Verb (is) के पूरक रूप में प्रयोग किया गया है,
(5.2) यह main Verb के रूप में Imperative Sentence में प्रयुक्त होती है,
Examples:
Be careful in future.
Don't be foolish.
(5.3) 'were' का प्रयोग Conditional Sentences में main verb के रूप में होता है,
Examples:
If I were the Prime Minister of India,
If I were you, I would not do it.
(B) 'DO' [4]
Do' as an Auxiliary.
Do का प्रयोग निम्नलिखत प्रकार से होता है।
(1). Verb to 'do' का प्रयोग Simple Present Tense तथा Simple Past Tense के negative और Interrogative Sentences बनाने के लिए किया जाता है,
Examples:
Neha doesn't want to help you.
He didn't speak the truth.
They don't want to teach you.
Do they teach the boy?
Does he love her?
Did you meet him yesterday
(2) Previous Verbs को indicate करने के लिए,
Examples:
She meets more people than I do.
I like cooking and so does Johan
(3) Sentences के अंत में Question Teg के लिए;
Examples:
She made a lot of mistakes, Didn't she?
You don't know her, Do you?
(4) Main Verb पर ज़ोर (emphasis) देने के लिए;
Examples:
Do sit down.
I did buy a map.
(C) 'HAVE' [3]
Have'as an Auxiliary
('have', 'has', 'had'.) का प्रयोग Perfect Tense बनाने के लिए किया जाता है;
(1) जब कोई घटना Past काल में घट चुकी (गई) है। वह बोलते व लिखते समय फिर भी महत्वपूर्ण हो तो have का प्रयोग Past Participle के साथ करते हैं।
Examples:
They have just bought a new car.
It has not mind for a month.
(2) Helping Verb के रूप में 'had' का प्रयोग यह दर्शाता है कि भूतकाल में घटित दो कार्यों में से पहले कौन सा कार्य हुआ था
Examples:
I had just finished when you arrived.
He said that the two men had at least signed an agreement.
(3) जब कोई व्यक्ति यह कहना चाहता है कि कोई कार्य अवश्य किया जाना चाहिए या कोई घटना अवश्य होनी चाहिए, तो वह Infinitive के साथ 'have'/'has'/ 'have'/ 'had' + 'to' का प्रयोग कर सकता है।
Examples:
You had to learn it in school.
You have to be careful.
I have to speak to your father.
NOTE
Verb to 'do' tathaa Verb to 'have' main verbs के रूप में प्रयोग किये जाते हैं। जैसे–
He is an Engineer.
The Principal is in the office.
They are satisfied.
She was not satisfied with her performance.
They do their work on time.
The P.M. did some very important work hare.
She has curly hair.
10 MODELS Auxiliary and their Use:
Will, Would, Shall, Should, Can, Could, May, Might, Must, Ought to:
उपरोक्त Verbs, Modal Verb कहलाती हैं।
इनसे Verb के Mood (अवस्था, भाव) का बोध होता है।
और mode है mood का ही दूसरा नाम।
इसी mode या mood को बुक्त करते हैं।
मॉडल AUXILIARY या Model Verbsहै।
RULES
(A). WILL [6]
Will का प्रयोग निम्नलिख्त अवस्थाओं में होता है।
(1).Simple Future व्यक्त करने के लिये Second तथा Third Person के साथ;
Examples:
He will be on leave tomorrow. (रहेगी)
She will not come today.
(2) First Person के साथ इरादा या इच्छा (intend या wish) प्रकट करने के लिए;
Examples:
I will carry your books. (जाऊंगा) (Promise)
I will succeed or die in the attempt. (Determination) (जाएगा)
I will see you tomorrow. (मिलूंगा) (Willingness
(3) आदत (habit) तथा सामान्य सत्य (General Truth) को व्यक्त करने के लिए ;
Examples:
She will sit for hours listening to the wireless. (Habit) (जाएगा)
Salt will dissolve in water. (जाएगा) (General Truth)
(4) (Assumption (अनुमान or Probability(संभावना) व्यक्त करने के लिए
Examples:
This will be the book you want, I suppose. होगी
This will be the postman, I think. होगा
(5) Invitation or Request प्रकट करने के लिए;
Examples:
Will you have tea, please? (लोगे?)
Will you lend me your cycle? (दोगे?)
(6) किसी कारी को करने का सामर्थ्य (Possibility) प्रकट करने के लिए;
Examples:
This will cure anything. (जाएगा)
I will do everything for you. (करुगा)
Om
(B) WOULD [10]
Would का प्रयोग निम्नलिख्त वाक्यों के ये किया काट है।
(1). इच्छा प्रकट करने के लिए
Examples:
Ley him do what he would. (इच्छा)
Come whenever you would. (इच्छा)
(2) संभावना (Possibility) indicate करने के लिए;
Examples:
She would be about sixty when she died. (संभावना)
He would be her husband. (होगी)
(3) Second तथा third person के साथ Conditional Statement बनाने के लिए;
Examples:
They would be killed if the car stopped. (मारा जाता)
They would have been killed if the car had rolled. (मारा गया होता)
(4) Conditional Sentences में first person के साथ इच्छा या इरादा को व्यक्त करने के लिए;
Examples :
We would have come if it had not rained. (आ गया होता)
Would that he were hare.
अर्थात i wish that he were hare. (काश वह यहां होता)
"Would like to" का प्रयोग भी wish को express करने के लिए किया जाता है।
(5) भूत काल में घटित habitual action को व्यक्त करने के लिए;
Examples:
He would/used to sit in the garden for hours.(बैठा करता था)
On Sundays, he would visit his relatives. (जाया करता था)
(6) Polite Request को व्यक्त करने के लिए;
Examples:
Would you please come for a cup of tea?
Would you please lift a chair for me?
(7) Indirect Narration में shall/will को बदल जाता है।
Should/Would में जब Reporting Verb होता है Past Tense में
Examples:
Direct: He said, "I will certainly come."
Indirect: He said that he would certainly come
(8) Would का प्रयोग Past willingness (तत्प्रता) को व्यक्त करने के लिए किया जाता है;
Examples:
She said that she would help me. (कि वह मदद करेगी)
I would do as you did. (जैसे तुमने किया वैसा मैं करूँगा)
(9) Would का प्रयोग preferences (पसंद/प्राथमिकता) or choice (पसंद/चुनाब) करने के लिए किया जाता है।;
Examples:
He would rather die than beg.
She would rather work hard than cheat.
NOTE
जब Comparative दegree के Sentences में 'Would' का प्रयोग preferences or choise हो express करने के लिए होता है तो Would के बाद rather या sooner का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
(10) Would का प्रयोग Present or Past की Unreal Conditional को express करने के लिए होता है, तो would के बाद rather या sooner का प्रयोग होता है।
Examples:
I would go there if I were invited. (मैं वहां गया होता)
If I were the P.M. of India, I would eradicate poverty.(गरीबी अलमुलन) ..(PM होता)
NOTE
इस प्रकार के sentences के Principal clause में Possibility (संभावना) को express करने के लिए would के बदले could या might का प्रयोग होता है
Examples:
If I had money, I could buy a Motor Cycle. (खरीद सकता)
If you come here, you might have done well. (अच्छा किया होता)
(C.) SHALL [7]
Shall का uses Following Stage:
(1). In Future Tense with First Person
Only Affirmative and Interrogative Sentences
Sense will be Generally Forms.
Examples:
We shall arrive tomorrow. (हम कल पहुंचेंगे)
Shall we go back in time? (क्या हम समय पर वापसी करेंगे?)
(2) To express 'Will' (will power) or 'Intention' and to express in Conditional Sentences or Future with Second and Third person;
Examples:
You shall not catch me, so easily next time.
तुम अगली बार मुझे इतनी आसानी से नहीं पकड़ पाओ। (इच्छा)
He says he won't go but I say he shall.
वह कहता है कि वह नहीं जाएगा पर मेरी इच्छा है कि वह जाए)
I shall get angry in a moment.
मेरा इरादा (इच्छा है कि एक पल गुस्सा हो जाऊं)
(3) use of Shall subject of second person: Subject the 'you and 'third person':
With Command , Promise, Threat, Determination, Compulsion Use to express He, She, It, They, Singular Noun or Plural Noun.
Command (आदेश)
You shall sit outside the office.
तुम आफिस के बाहर बैठो!
He shall go there at once.
तुम तुरन्त वहां जाओ!
Promise (प्रतिज्ञा, वादा)
You shall have a holiday tomorrow.
कल तुम्हारी छुटी रहेगी। (promise)
He shall be awarded.
उसे सम्मानित किया जाएगा। ( promise)
Determination (दृढ़ संकल्प)
We shall go there, at any cost.
हमें किसी भी कीमत पर वहां जाना है)
He has resolute that he shall always obey me.
उसको सलामी है कि वह मेरा सदैव आदर करेगा)
Compulsion (अनिवार्यता)
You shall come to school at ten.
(तुम्हें 10 बजे स्कूल आना जरूरी है)
Students shall pay their fees by the 8th of every month.
(विद्यार्थीओं को महीने की आठ तक फीस भरनी अनिवार्य है।)
(4) in case of official regulation or legal notices;
Examples:
Members shall elect the chairman.
सदस्य चेयरमैन का चुनाव करेंगे।
Trespassers shall be punished.
(अतिक्रमियों को सजा दी जाएगी।)
(5) Asking someone what is it to do such a no objection? Or to do such will like it.
Examples ;
Shall I open the window? (खोल लूं?)
Shall the boy wait? (इंतजार करे?)
Shall we see a film? (देख लुं?)
(6) when opening the sentences' 'Let us/Let's Question Tegs of Imperative Sentences'' is used "Shall"
Examples:
Let's dance together, shall we? (क्या डांस करें?)
Let's play, shall we? ( क्या खेलें?)
Let's work, shall we? (क्या काम करें?)
(7) Use of 'Shall', Orders, Instructions, and Speculation in subjects in First Personto expressed within Interrogative Sentences;
Orders or Instructions (आदेश व निर्देश)
What shall I do for your children, sir? (तुम्हारे बच्चों का मैं क्या करूँ?)
Speculations (अनुमान)
What shall I do in a month? (मैं क्या करूँ?
Where shall we live this time next week? (मैं कहाँ रहूं?)
(D) SHOULD [11]
'Should' सहायक क्रिया (Auxiliary Verb) का भूतकाल है और 'Should not' का छोटा रूप 'shouldn't है।
Should का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित अवस्थाओं में करना चाहिए–
(1) भूत काल मे भविषयकाल को प्रकट करने के लिए;
I said to him, "I shall see you tomorrow."
i told him that I should see him next day.
He said, "Will you write this?"
He asked me if I should write that.
(2) दिये हुए वचन या धमकी को प्रकट करने के लिए–
You say that you will not do it but I say you should.
आप कहते हैं कि आप यह नहीं करोगे पर मैं कहता हूं कि आपको करना चाहिए।
(3) किसी से सलाह (advice), आज्ञा (permission), या सूचना (information) लेने के लिए–
Where should I meet you tonight? (Information)
Should I turn the light on? (Permission)
You should not laugh at his mistake. (Advice)
(4) Duty या Obligation (दायित्व ) व्यक्त करने के लिए सभी person के साथ;
We should obey our parents.
You should keep your promise.
Our should love one's country.
People should obey the laws of the country.
We should speak the truth.
(5) Conditional Sentences में Supposition (कल्पना) व्यक्त करने के लिए–
I should go if it didn't rain.
We should come if he invites us.
(6) Advice or Suggestion व्यक्त करने के लिए–
You should come to class in time.
He should take complete rest.
(7) Possibility (संभावना) या Probability (शायद) व्यक्त करने के लिए–
They should be here by now.
Sumit should be in his room.
I think he should come tomorrow.
NOTE : Should का प्रयोग less possibility (कम संभावना) को express करने के लिए Conditional Clause में होता है। इससे 'सन्देह' का भै बोध होता है।
If I should come, ask him to wait for me.
*ऊपर दिये गए example में "if he should come" का अर्थ "उसके आने की कम संभावना है,
(8) So that/I'm order that + से शुरू होने वाले clause में purpose and result को एक्सप्रेस करने के लिए should का प्रयोग किया जाता है
We did it carefully so that one should see it.
He did it in order that all should be satisfied.
(9) Should का प्रयोग (lest) के बाद negative purpose (नाकारत्मक उद्देश्य) को express करने के लिए किया जाता है।
Work hard lest you should fail.
मेहनत करो, नहीं तो तुम फेल हो जाएगा
He ran fast lest he should miss the train.
वह तेज दौड़े, नहीं तो वह ट्रेन मिस कर देगा।
(10) Should का प्रयोग subordinate clause में verbs or phrase के बाद determination, willingness, threats, orders or promise को express करने के लिए किया जाता है।
I promise my son that he should have a new book. (State of Possession)
Is your elder brother willing that you should go abroad. (State of action)
(11) Should का प्रयोग unreal situation को express करने के लिए sentence के principle clause में polite advice or Improvement के लिए दिये गए डांट फ़टकार के लिए होता है।
If we were you, he should not do it.
If he were you, I should not cheat him.
(E) CAN [7]
'Can' का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित अवस्थाओं में होता है।
(1)-Can का प्रयोग Power (शक्ति), Ability (योग्यता) तथा Capacity (सामर्थ्य/श्रमता) को express (व्यक्त) करने के लिए किया जाता है।
I can swim very well. (power)
I can fly an aeroplane. (ability)
इस प्रकार के sentences मे (Can) का अर्थ 'Be, Able, To/Be, Capable of/Know how to होता है
You can swim. अर्थात
You are able to swim.
You are capable of swimming.
You know how to swim.
(2) Permission (आज्ञा) व्यक्त करने के लिए;
You can go now.
You can play chess now.
(3) Possibility (सम्भावना) ब्यक्त करने के लिए;
We can serve our people better.
This news can be true
(4) Can का प्रयोग theoretical possibility (सैद्धान्तिक संभावना) को व्यक्त करने के लिए किया जाता है।
The news can't be true.
Playing students can be dangerous.
(5) Can का प्रयोग 'habit' (आदत) or Nature (स्वभाव) को express करने के लिए किया जाता है।
This person can be loyal. (Nature)
I'm sure that he can't be an early riser. (Habit)
(6) Verbs of perception (See, heat, taste, smell, feel) के साथ–
You can hear me.
We can see our eyes.
(7) अधिकार व्यक्त करने के लिए :
You can't travel first class with a second class ticket.
You can't leave me alone.
You can't quit in between the game.
(F) COULD [5]
Could का प्रयोग निम्नलिखत 5 अवस्थाओं में होता है।
(1) 'Could' , 'Can' का past tense है। अतः यह past tense में 'ability', 'Permission', 'Possibility' express करता है।
I could swim when I was young.
You could have passed if you hard work
(2) किसी Condition को व्यक्त करने के लिए;
Could you lift that box if you tried?
Could you accompany me to that deserted place? (सुनसान)
(3) Intention (इरादा) व्यक्त करने के लिए;
I could smack his face. (सूंघ सकना)
I couldn't pass your bills.
(4) Permission या Request व्यक्त करने के लिए;
Could you lend me your book?
Could you come for dinner?
NOTE ;
Polite Request (विनम्र निवेदन) /Permission (अनुमति) के भाव को express करने के लिए (Can) तथा (May) की अपेक्षा Could के प्रयोग को ज्यादा बेहतर तथा उपयुक्त माना जाता रहा है।
(5) Could का प्रयोग Past ability/power//capacity (भूतकाल में निहित योग्यता/शक्ति/सामर्थ्य) को express करने कर लिए किया जाता है।
He could pass the Board examination.
I knew that he could accomplish that work in a better way. (पूरा कर सकना)
NOTE;
उपयुक्त Sentence में could के प्रयोग से श्रमता का बोध हो रहा है।
कार्य के पूरा होने का नहीं। 'कोई कार्य/व्यापार समाप्त हुआ' का बोध करने के लिए was/were able to, managed to, succeeded in,etc.
He managed to pass the Board examination.
(G) [May 4]
'May' का प्रयोग निम्नलिखत अवस्थाओं में होता है–
(1) आज्ञा (Permission) व्यक्त करने के लिए;
May I come in?
You may go now?
(2) 'Wish' (इच्छा); Pray (प्रार्थना); 'Bless' (आशीर्वाद); 'Curse' (अभिशाप) व्यक्त करने के लिए;
May you live long !
May success attend you !
May you go to hell !
He may live longer !
(3) यदि Principal Clause Present Tense में हो तथा Subordinate Clause '(That/So That/in order that) से आरम्भ हो तथा इससे purpose (उद्देश्य) का बोध हो तो सुबोर्डिनते Clause में 'may' का प्रयोग होता है।
I work hard so that I may succeed. (ताकि मैं सफल हो सकूँ)
We eat do that we may live. (ताकि मैं जी सकूँ)
We obey our elders in order that we may prosper in our life.(ताकि सम्रद्ध हो सकें)
(4) 'May' का प्रयोग Uncertainty/Surprise (अनिश्चतता/आश्चर्य) के भाव को express करने के लिए किया जाता है।
How old she may be !
Who may be there !
This news may be possible.
(H) Might [5].
यह 'Might' सहायक क्रिया का भूतकाल (Past) है एंव इसका प्रयोग निम्नलिखत अवस्थाओं में होता है।
(1) असंतोष व्यक्त करने के लिए;
You might preach liberty and equality but your record is pretty awful.
आप स्वतंत्रता और समानता का उपदेश दे सकते हैं लेकिन आपका रिकॉर्ड बहुत भयानक है।
Though I'm your partner, I might not rely upon you due to your irresponsible behaviour.
हालांकि मैं आपका साथी हूं, लेकिन आपके गैर-जिम्मेदार व्यवहार के कारण मैं आप पर भरोसा नहीं कर सकता।
(2) संभावना व्यक्त करने के लिए;
The medicine might cure your cough.
I might even lose my job.
(3) विनम्र निवेदन ( Polite request) के लिए;
You might do me a favour.
She asked me if she might borrow a pen.
NOTE : Can/May की अपेक्षा अधिक विनम्रता के भाव को express करने के लिए Could/Might का प्रयोग होता है।
(4) कोई सुझाव (Suggestion) देने के लिए;
You might just as well go.
आप भी जा सकते हैं
You might stay where you are.
आप जहां है, ठहर भी सकते हैं।
NOTE ; 'Might' का प्रयोग 'less possibility' (कम संभावना) के भाव को express करने के लिए किया जा सकता है। जबकि 'May' का प्रयोग 'more possibility' के भाव को एक्सप्रेस करने के किए किया जा सकता है।
More Possibility
अधिक संभावना
Less Possibility
(कम संभावना)
It may rain today
It might rain today
Her husband may come anytime.
Her husband might come anytime.
You may love me.
You might love me.
I may come late in party.
I might come in party late
(5) Supposition Sentence : I wish we wish, he wishes, she wishes, as if, as though, if only, suppose से शुरू होते हैं। इसमें कोरी कल्पना का बोध होता है। कोरी कल्पना को express करने वाले clause might का प्रयोग होता है।
If you worked hard, you might succeed.
I wish he might have seen "Mother India.
(I) Must [9]
'Must' का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित अवस्थाओं में होता है।
(1) तुरन्त या भविष्य के 'Obligation' या 'Duty' को व्यक्त करने के लिए;
You must do as you are told.
Soldiers must obey the older.
(2) Past obligation or necessity को वयक्त करने के लिए;
She said she must have a new hat for Easter.
Hd started early, Hd must have caught the train.
(3) Desirability or Advisability व्यक्त करने के लिए;
We must see what can be done.
I must ask you not to do that.
(4) Certainty (निश्चय) व्यक्त करने के लिए;
Don't bet on house:--races; you must lose in the long run.
You must finish the work by tomorrow.
(5) प्रबल संभावना (strong like hood) को व्यक्त करने के लिए;
You must be hungry after your long walk.
This must be the book you want.
You must have heard about Smt. Gandhi.
(6) past obligation को व्यक्त करने के लिए 'must' के स्थान पर 'had to' तथा non-obligation को व्यक्त करने के लिए 'need not' का परयोग करते है
You needn't spend it all.
The student had to write in ink.
(7) 'Must' का प्रयोग fixed determination (पक्का इरादा)) दृढ़संकल्प को express करने के लिए
We must go.
I must have my money back.
We must surrender yourself too her fayjer
(8) 'Must' का प्रयोग 'Inevitable (अनिवार्य/अवष्टभाबी) के भाव को express करने के लिए किया काटा है।
Students must work hard to succeed.
We must all die.
NOTE:
1. Written orders or instruction को express करने के लिए भी must' का प्रयोग किया जाता है। Employees must be at their desks by 10 a.m.
2. अधिक तीव्रता के भाव को express करने के लिए 'Should' के बदले must का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
You must adhere to the rules of the road safety.
(J) Ought to [5]
'Ought to' का प्रयोग निम्नलिखित अवस्थाओं में होता है।
Duty या Moral obligation व्यक्त करने के लिए;
Examples:
You ought to start at once.
Such things ought not to be allowed.
We ought to love our country.
Students ought to work hard.
(2) Desirability या Advisability व्यक्त करने के लिए;
There ought to be more buses. (Desire)
Coffee ought to be drunk while it is hot. (Desire)
You ought to read the Gita. (Advice)
(3) Ought to का यूज़ logical necessity (तार्किक आवश्यकता) को express करने के लिए होता है।
Anil ought not to be late.
Aman ought to start at once
NOTE सभी परिस्थितियों में 'ought to' के बदले 'Should' का यूज़ बी किया जा सकता है।
(4) Ought to + have + V3 का यूज़ 'Past Obligatiom' को व्यक्त करने के लिए किया जाता है।
You ought to have watched this documentary movie.
You ought to have obeyed your parents.
(5) (Ought not to + have + V3) का use Past के disapproval (नामंजूरी/अस्वीकृत) को व्यक्त करने के लिए किया जाता है।
You ought not to have shirked work.
Reena ought not to have desired me.
(K) Need [4] (जरूरत)
'Need' का use निम्नलिखित अवस्थाओं के लिए होता है
(1) 'Need not' का लघु रूप (needn't) है।
Examples:
You needn't come tomorrow.
You needn't bother about my problems.
(2) इसका यूज़ infinitives तथा Participle के रूप में नहीं होता।
Third Person, Singular Number, Present Tense में भी इसका रूप नहीं बदलता
He needn't come.
Need she go yet?
(3) इसका यूज़ Interrogative तथा Negative Sentences में होता है।
Need you write a letter?
She needn't buy a car.
(4) 'Need' तथा 'needn't के पष्चात 'infinitive without 'to' का प्रयोग करते हैं अर्थात 'to' का प्रयोह नहीं होता।
Need he be so impatient ? (√)
Need he to be so Implement ? (X)
You need not remind me. (√)
You need not to remind me. (X)
(L) Dare [3]
(1 ) इसका प्रयोग Interrogative तथा Negative Sentences बनाने में होता है।
Example:
How dare he say such a rule thing about mr ?
NOTE
'How' के साथ 'Dare' का प्रयोग speaker द्वारा गुस्सा, सदमा या आश्चर्य दिखाने के लिए होता है।
1 i dare not do it.
2 He dare not call you a fool.
3 Dare she sit before us ?
(2) इसका प्रयोग Infinitive without 'to' के साथ भी होता है, With 'to' भी होता है।
I dare say he will come later.
मैं यह कहने की हिम्मत करता हूं कि वह बाद में आएगा।
He dares to oppose you.
वह आपका विरोध करने की हिम्मत करता है।
Nobody dare to behave like this.
इस तरह का व्यवहार करने की किसी की हिम्मत नहीं है।
No body dare behave like this.
कोई शरीर इस तरह व्यवहार करने की हिम्मत नहीं करता
(3) Third person, Singuar Number, Present Tense में भी इसका रूप बदलना नहीं है।
How dare she come so late ?
NOTE: 'Dare' का यूज़ Main Verb/Principal Verb के रूप में इस प्रकार किया जा सकता है–
1 She doesn't dare to oppose me.
2 Does she dare to oppose me.
3 We don't dare to talk to him.
4 They don't dare to refuse me.
(M) Used to [3]
(1,) इसका प्रयोग Discontinued habit, Frequent Practice in the past को व्यक्त करने के लिए होता है।
Examples:
There used to be a house hare.
I used to live there when I was a boy.
(2) इसका प्रयोग 'Accustomed to' के अर्थ में भी होता है।
Used to V / Would be V4
NOTE: Present habit दिखाने के लिए कभी भी 'use to' या 'Used to' का प्रयोग नहीं होता।
1 He smokes. (√)
2 He used to smoke. (X)
3 They used to smoke. (X)
(3) 'Used to' का negative तथा interrogative इस प्रकार बनता है
He used not to smoke everyday.
He did not use to smoke everyday.
Used he to smoke everyday.
Did he use to smoke everyday.
POINTS OF REMEMBER ABOUT MODAL
0
A) Modal Verb के बाद हमेशा (V1-Witout 'To') का प्रयोग होता है। जैसे–
(After 'Modal Verb"' Always uses (V1-Without 'to')
He can win the race.
Neha can and will help me.
B) दो Modal Auxiliaries का प्रयोग एक साथ नहीं किया जा सकता है जैसे –
(Two modal verbs in one phrase can not be used.
She should must do it. (X)
Note: in this sentence, use either 'should' or 'must'.
Because those two Modal Auxiliaries can be used only add with a 'Conjunction.
C) besides 'ought' and 'used' any modals with 'to' not to be used.
But using 'to' it has grammatical problem.
Example:
They will to finish the book.
(Word 'finish' before 'to' will not be used.)
D) Modal Auxiliaries, subject's number and person with not to be indiscipline. Means In form, subject, singular or plural, modal auxiliaries will not be any changed.
NOTE;
1, a. 'Dare' and 'Need' both are as verbs which are Modal Auxiliaries and also 'Main Verb'.
b. When 'Dare' and 'Need' with attached 'not' then in these position can neither their singular 'needs not'/dares not' nor their after useing "'to". Means another modals like these acts, Examples:
She need not do (not that 'needs not')
She dare not meet you. (Not that 'dares not')
|. |
Modal. V1
2. When Use 'Need and Dare' in form 'helping verb' in Interrogative sentence then these are called 'Modals'.Examples–
Dare you buy a car? (क्या तुम में कार खरिदने काaahs hai?)
Need he go now? (क्या उसे अब जाने की जरूरत है?)
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(modal. (V1)
3. When use 'Dare' and 'Need' in form 'Main verb' then uselly like Verbs these are used. Examples:
They need some money.
They don't need any money.
Do they need some money?
E) Let's concentrate that, when we are used one Primary Auxiliary and one Auxiliary with adding 'and'. And for those only one main verb is used. Then according to necessity, it should be done clearly to form main verb for both Auxiliary. Example:
He has done and will do a lot of work
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Primary. V3. Modal. V1
Note; As above use in sentence 'has' and 'will'.
You know that __'have/has/had+V3' and also "shall/will/can/could, etc + V1"
So, "Do for has form "Done"
"Will for do forme 'Do'
So, above Sentence is correct. But with primary verb of main verb not clearyfy gives the Problem.
Radha/has and/will work/hard/no error.
(B). (.C). (D). (E)
In Part B after 'has' verb 'work' form V3 , will have to do, means 'has worked and will work are correct forms.
F) When two subjects have various numbers and their with two
To be; (is, are, am, was, were),
Have: (have, has, had) , etc. Used Helping verbs then both of them subjects should be cleared for helping verbs. Example:
"Three". "were". killed and. "one". "was". Injured.
|. |. |. |
Subject. Aux. Subject. Aux.
(Plural). Verb.(P) (Singular). Verb.(S)
After subject or Plural Subject removing Problem added Verb. Example:
Two were / intelligent / but one dull / Nl Error.
,(A). (B). (.C). (D). (E)
[In Part (D) will have to 'use 'was' after 'one'
One was /beautiful/but/two ugly.No error.
(B). (C.). (D) (E)
(In Part (D) will have to use 'were' after 'two'.
NOTE
In language of Conversation was given the question sentences are corrected.
But the Students should be considered incorrect it.
2. Causative Verbs (प्रेणादायक क्रियाएं)
Editing work of anyone sentence are two kinds.---
First stage : The subject works itself.
2nd stage ,: The subject makes another work.
In this stage is used 'Causative Verbs.
In the Following kinds the coustics verbs are used the "Make, Get, and Have"
(1.) Use of 'Make'.
When someone sunject works something do itself.--
When someone subject makes someone's works something do
And use the 'make verb' is considered 'Causative Verb'
Structure ; [Subject + Make + Object + V1]
He made me weep (√)
He made the child sleep. (√)
She made the child to sleep (x)
She made the child sleeping (x)
He makes you weep. (√)
He makes you weep. (X)
He makes you weeping. (X)
Jaya makes her mother walk. (√)
Jaya makes he mother walking. (X)
Bhola makes me laugh. (√)
Note,: After make is not use ("to+V1 or "to + V+ing")
(II) Use of "Have/Get"
When the subject don't the work itself instead makes other do the work
(जब वाक्य का कर्ता कोई काम करता नहीं बल्कि किसी से करवाता है)
Then use "have' or 'get' to convey Causative Verbs.
Structure: [Subject + Have/get + object + V3)]
Navneet had got a house built. (√)
Navneet had got a house built. (X)
Honey will get/have his hair cut. (√)
He got/had his name struck off. (√)
Vinay has got a house built. (√)
Mritunjay has got his name struck off. (√)
I had a tree planted in a garden. (√)
Suman couldn't get this work done.
I could have got this work done by the students.
(1.) When in the sentence with Verb 'Can, Could, Could have, are used then these sentences according tense. In the present tense we will use 'Can' ,and in the past 'Could".
=> Rashmi can get this work done. (करवा सकता है)
=> Mohit could not get this work done. (नहीं करवा सकता था)
(2) When In the sentence should the verb with then 'get' before should or should have been used according to the tense.
=> You should get this work done. (करवाना चाहिए)
=> Saurabh should have got this work done. (करवाना चाहिए था)
(3) When the subject doesn't do any work, Gets this work done by another person.
Then it is used "get or have"
Structure: [Have/Get + Subject (Noun/Pronoun + V3]
Get/Have your hair cut.
Where does Santos get his haircut?
I have/get my car cleaned every day.
They have had/got his hair cut.
Did you have/get your house repaired?
You must have/get your hair cut.
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https://docs.google.com/document/d/1SzlrBBdBcim2ZS7OqPgasYjB-xiexc-YBJ8KRMxrQwM/edit?usp=drivesdk
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EXERCISE 11.1
Direction : Fill in the blanks with the correct option given below.
1. Only one of the boys has not done the home-work given yesterday.
2. It's time we acted with determination.
3, Help us raise the flag.
4, Neither of us is fit for this job.
5, Yesterday she sprang a surprise on us.
6, He said that he had missed his train.
7, You are supposed to be mad if you think 8. I'm going to show my answer.
8, If I hadn't come along at the moment, Rahim could have been the one arrested instead of the real thief.
9, Wheat is not native to India and barley is not either.
10, It will rain soon, won't it.
11, They need not worry, they need thay.
12, If she were a bird, she would fly.
13. All the applicants all to be ranked and the results will be announced next week.
14, Ramappa is elected as the mayor of the town and he will assume charge this Friday.
15, The old man could not remember where he had deposited his money.
16, If I had worked hard,I would have scored very high marks in the examination.
17, Had he taken his degree five years ago he would have got a promotion by now.
18, By the time I reach America, it would be morning.
19, She feared that she would fail.
20, He is the most generous man. I have * him for a long time.
21, Each man and each woman has a vote.
22, The lifeguard would not let the children swim at a deep end of the pool.
23, I believe that he would fail in the examination if he works at this speed.
24. It was very kind of you to do the washing-up, but you mustn't have done it.
25, During the recent floods two thirds of our city was in ruins.
26, These weaknesses could be overcome if you tried hard to improve your standard.
27, I wish I had asked her to clean the room.
28, How much longer will you be needed this book?
29, The car broke down and we had to get a taxi.
30, Did you hear the President's speech?
31, An optimist thinks that all is well with the world.
32, The plane will take off when the thunderstorm stops.
33, He said I could use his car whenever I wanted.
34, The art of cooking was perfected ancient India.
35, Mohan: Have you ever flown before ? It's my first time in a plane and I'm a little nervous.
36, They have already completed the job, haven't they?
37, We was ought to respect out parents and teachers.
38, Many Tamil Speaking Sri Lankan have flown from the island to escape the Military and its atrocities.
39, They had reached the railway station before the train left.
40, My servant with all my money has run off.
EXERCISE 11.2
1. I did not (neither) know where they were going nor could I understand why they had left so soon.√
2. If I had known why he was absent, I would have informed you.√
3. Although we (had) reached his house in time, he had left for the airport.
4. I saw that film last year but I do not remember it's story.
5. You will come to my party tomorrow, won't you?
6. Read the instruction with care lest you should understand the quetions.
7. While I was walking across the street a truck knocked him down
8. If you work hard you will always succeed.
9. Rohan had been playing for his club for fifteen years when his elbow was injoured
10.I would do the same if I were in your place.
11. Inspite of all efforts to eradicate malaria it is still prevent in many parts of India.
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