Finite/Non Finite

10. Non-Finite Verb

Exercise 10.3

Complete the following sentences by adding an Infinitive with to or without to :

Vimal's mother made him to attend the function.

The sentry commanded the intruders to go away immediately.

It's unwise to stop him.

It's not proper to speak like this.

It's desirable to help him.

A Gerund is that from the verb which ends in 'Ing' and is used as a verb and noun. 

In order the words  it is Verbal Noun Gerund  

इसकी 4 forms होती हैं —2 Active Voice के लीए और 2 passive Voice के लिए।

Active

Passive

Present or

Continuous

Writing

Being written

Perfect

Having written

Having been Written

1, Gerund in Perfect Active from:

I shall reproach him for having broken  the window pane.

Have you heard of her having solved the tough puzzle?

2. Gerund in Present Passive From:

Nobody is desirous of being failed.

3. Gerund in Perfect Passive. Form :

I saw a scene of the hero's having been murdered in the climax.

(II) Difference between Gerund and Present Participle

Present Participle भी verb के अंत में 'ing' लगाकर बनाया जाता है परंतु Gerund 'Noun' का कार्य करता है और Participle 'Adjective' का।

Gerund— Verb works as Noun, (Verbal Noun)

Participle— Verb works as an Adjective. (Verbal Adjective)

Examples;

Smoking is injurious to health. (Gerund)

I saw a girl carrying a budget full of flowers. (Participle)

(III) Functions of the Gerund.:

Gerund के निम्न होते हैं—

As the Subject of the Verb. किर्या के कर्ता के रूप में।

Singing gives joy.

Bathing is necessary to health.

      (2)  As the object of a Verb. क्रिया कर कर्म के रूप में।

Sita loved dancing.

I like painting.

(3) As the Object of preposition. सम्बध बोधक के कर्म के रूप में

He is fond of reading poetry.

I am tired of waiting

(4) As the complement of a Verb. क्रिया के पूरक के रूप में।

His weekness is telling lies.

What I hate most is trading others

(5) As case  is apposition

It is no use running after shadows.

It is no use crying over spilt milk.

           III) RULES: Use of Gerund

 Gerund used with following Verbs

Admit

Anticipate

Appreciate

Avoid

Consider

Defer

Delay

Deny

Detest

Dislike

Dread

Enjoy

Escape

Excuse

Fancy

Finish

Forgive

Imagine

Involve

Keep

Loathe

Mind

Miss

Pardon

Postpone

Prevent

Propose

Recollect

Remember

Resent

Risist

Risk

Save

Step, Stop

Suggest

Understand

Examples:

Forgive me for interrupting you.

I can't prevent him from leaving the country.

Do you enjoy teaching?

He kept complaining.

NOTE: After the word "worth' is used + only Gerund.

✓1 The Taj Mehal is a building worth seeing.

✓2 Is here anything worth buying.

(2) Before Gerund (Verbal Noun) should be in Possessive Case of Noun or Pronoun.

Possessive Adjective: After

(My, his, her, their, your, Ram's, etc.) Is used 'Gerund'.

Examples:

✓He insisted on my reading.

✓I object his making private calls.

✓Radha insisted on Krishna's going with her but.

(3) Used the Gerund for short prohibitions.

Examples :

1. No smoking. 2. No loitering. 3. No spitting.

(4) Negative words is used.

Prevent, prohibit, debar, forbid, abstain, etc

Gerund is used with Prohibitory Words.

Examples:

✓Ram is debarred from appearing in examination.

राम को पेश होने से रोक दिया गया।

✓He is prevented from smoking.

(5) Gerund is used after Phrase Verb 'To be'

Used to, Accustomed to, averse to, 

With a view to, Addicted to,

devoted to, 

In addition to, 

Look forward to, Object to

Owing to, 

Given to, 

Taken to, Disposed to, Prone to.

He is addicted to smoking heavily

We go there with a view to studying science.

He is used to getting up early in the morning.

She used to dance before her marriage.

(6) After following preposition is show verb always gerund form:

For+V4

Without+V4

At+V4

By+V4

On+V4

Besides+V4

In+V4

Form+V4

Before+V4

After+V4

Examples:

✓On reach home, he wrote a letter to his parents. (X)

✓On reaching home, he wrote a letter to his parents.(√)

✓The officer prevented him from do so. (X)

✓The office prevented him from doing so. (√)

✓They were hopeful to win  the final match. (X)

✓They were hopeful of winning the final match. (√)

(7) :After No use' and 'good use' is used 'Gerund

Examples:

✓It's no use cry over spilt milk. (X)

✓It's no use crying over spilt (गिरा हुआ) milk (√)

✓Comparisons between the use of Infinitive and Gerund:

1.After Begin, Continue, and Start, both (Infinitive and Gerund) are used. But after these verbs, knowing, understanding comes then only infinitive is used.

Example:

✓She began to understand (know) what the teacher said.

(2) In Conditional Sentences, means after 'hate, prefer,  love infinitive with 'would'.

Examples:

✓I would hate to talk to him if he doesn't change his behaviour.

✓I would love to accompany you if you are courteous.

(3) Like meaning Enjoy. When Conditional Sentences are used with 'would'  but without 'would' sentences of the 'Gerund is used.:.

Examples:

I would like to attend your marriage. (√)

I like visiting historical building. (√,)

NOTE

But when meaning of 'Like are sense in think, right, correct or wise then with always is used of Infinitive:

✓1 Grandfather likes the children to play in the lawn.

(Because they are safe)

✓2. I like to get myself medically checked once  in a month.

(It's wise for me)

(4) Advise Allow, Permit, and Recommend with Infinitive used, If mention relative person. If are not then used Gerund.

Examples: 

Mr. Narayan doesn't allow his son to humble.(√)

Mr. Narayan doesn't allow gamabling.

(5) Regret and Remember:

If Action of Regret and Remembering come after action of Verbal Noun then Gerund is used but before is action of verbal noun than is used Infinitive.

Examples:

I remember seeing a temple like you Taj in Java (the action of seeing was earlier then of remembering)

We regret appointing you (appointment was earlier)

But

She remembered to post the letter (the action of remembering was earlier than that  of posting

(6) Try : if try meaning  only effort then is used 'Infinitive' 

But  if the 'Mark an experiment' means work is doing then Gerund is used.

Examples:

✓He tried to fix the bolt. (√)

✓He tried fixing the bolt. (√)

(7) If Mean ==Intend (इरादा या प्रयोजन) then use 'Infinitive".

Example:

✓To Government means to crush terrorism.

But  if Mean ==Result in then use 'Gerund'

Example:

✓The new orders will mean taxing the people more/working mor

(8) If Propose == Intend (इरादा, प्रयोजन) then use 'Infinitive.

Example:

✓I propose to join a new job.

(9) When the use of "spend or waste" for "any unit of time" after then is used :'Gerund'.

Example:

✓He spent two minutes looking for  the word in the dictionary.

✓She wasted hours scratching her bag for the lipstick.

(IV) Gerund at a Glance

For Forms og Gerund :

Active : (I) Present Continuous : Writing, Reading,             Sleeping.

(II) Perfect : Having written, Having read, Having slept.

Passive : (III) Present Continuous : Being written, Being read, Being Slept.

(IV) Perfect : Having been written, Having been read, Having been slept.

The Participle (146)