Conjunction : 'When/While'.(जब एक कार्य समाप्त होने के बाद दूसरा Action किया जाता है तो When का प्रयोग होता है।) Examples : "The students stopped making 'when' the teacher come in."(correct) "The students stopped making noise 'while' the teacher come in."(incorrect) (जबकि 'While' का प्रयोग Conjunction के रूप में एक ही समय में दो कार्य के साथ-साथ होने का बोध कराने के लिये होता है।) Examples : "Lata danced 'while' her friend sang a disco song," (Two statements showing a contrast)"The little girl was playing 'while' her mother was cooking the food." "You are very tricky 'while' your brother is very simple."
Since/Now that / चूंकि (तुलना /Comparison
चूंकि वह यहां है इसीलिए शांत बैठा हुआ है.
Since/Now that he is here, he is sitting quietly
चूंकि वह गरीब है,इसीलिये वह कार नहीं खरीद सकता।
Since/Now that he is poor, he can't buy a car.
चूंकि वह बच्चा है इसीलिये उसे फ़िल्म नहीं देखना चाहिये।
Since /Now that you are a child,
You shouldn't watch the movie.
चूंकि वह कंजूस है इसीलिये तुम्हें नहीं खिलाएगा।
Since/Now that he is wiser, he won't feed you
चूंकि मैं कमजोर हूँ इसीलिए तुमसे नहीं लड़ सकता
Since/Now that I am weak, I can't fight with you
Due to/in view of/ in account of/owing to। (कारण / Reason)
मेरी गरीबी देखते हुये उसने मुझे दो सौ रुपये दिए।
He gave me two thousand rupees in view of my poverty
बीमारी के चलते वह चल नहीं पाता है.
He is not able /unable to walk due to illness.
कीचड़ के होते मेरे कपड़े गन्दे हो गए।
My clothes got dirty due to mud
वर्षा के चलते वह कहीं नहीं जाता है
He goes nowhere due to rain.
दंगों की वजह से लोग घर से नहीं निकलते हैं।
People don't go out of their houses due to riots
For. परिणाम /Result
सच बोलने के कारण उसे सम्मान मिला।
He got respect for speaking the truth.
गाना गाने के लिए उसे पुरस्कार मिला
He got award for sing a song
चोरी करने के लिए उसे सजा मिली।
He got punished for stealing/committing thieft.
घुस लेने के लिए उसे निलम्बित किया गया।
He was suspended for taking bribery
पॉकेट मारने की वजय से उसे पीटा गया।
He was beaten for picking a picket
कड़ी मेहनत की वजह से उसे सफलता मिली।
He got success for working hard.
Yet (अब तक नहीं, अभी भी, तो भी) Negative (Time)
Ruled: 1, Yet का प्रयोग मुख्यतः उस स्थिति में होता है जब किसी व्यक्ति को कुछ होने का इंतजार रहता है लेकिन उस समय तक यानि कि बोलने के समय तक वह नहीं हुआ रहता है।
2, यह अधिकतर negative व interrogative statement में verb के बाद या verb+object के बाद use होता है।
3, 'Yet' कभी भी past tense में use नहीं होता।
वह अभी तक नहीं आया है।
He hasn't come yet.
मैंने अभी तक अपना काम पूरा नहीं किया है।
I haven't finished my work yet.
क्या बच्चों ने अभी तक डिनर नहीं किया है?
Have the kids hadn't their dinner yet?
मुझे अभी तक चाबी नहीं मिला है।
I haven't found the key yet?
आपने अभी तक मेरी नोटबुक नहीं लौटाया है।
You haven't returned my notebook yet.
नतीजा अभी आना बाकी है।
The result is yet to come.
मुझे अभी तक कोई प्रगति दिखाई नहीं देती है।
As yet I haven't seen any progress.
क्या तुमने अभी तक नाश्ता नहीं किया है?
Haven't you taken your breakfast yet?
वह धीमा है तो भी अपने काम मे स्थाई है।
He is slow, yet is steady in his work.
क्या तुम अभी तक उससे नहीं मिले हो?
Haven't you met him yet?
Still (अब तक, अभी भी, फिर भी) affirmative
Rule: 1,Still ऐसे action को दिखाता है जो past में शुरू हुआ और present तक जारी है।
Rule:2, Adverb के रूप में Affirmative और Interrogative Sentence में Helping Verb के बाद तथा main verb के पहले होता है ।
वह अभी भी मुम्बई में रहता है। He still lives in Mumbai.
मैं अभी भी अस्वस्थ हूं। I am still unwell.
क्या तुम अभी तक मेरा इंतजार कर रहे हो? Are you still waiting for me?
हमें अभी तक कोई समाचार नहीं मिला है।
We haven't got any news yet.
We still haven't got any news.
मैं अभी तक वही किताब लिख रहा हूँ।
I am still writing same book.
क्या तुम अभी तक वहीं रहते हो?
Do you still live there?
इस प्रकार के और भी कई उदाहरण हैं।
There are still many of this kinds
मैंने बहुत कोशिशें की फिर भी सफलता नहीं मिली।
I tried hard still I don't get success
क्या वह अभी भी रो रही है?
Is she still cry?
फोटोग्राफर ने मुझे स्थिर रहने को कहा।
The photographer told me
Until तब तक नहीं, जब तक (Time) Negative
This type of sentence is called a Complex sentence which is made with two sentences 1. Independent (main clause) + 2. Dependent (Subordinate clause)
Rule : 1.This conjunction is already negative, so with this concirn sentence not uses 'not' word. Rule 2:First main verb will use, 2nd simple present even though 2nd sentence is a future sentence. Rule 3.Try to prefer the 1st sentence as the Main Clause +simple present.
जब तक आप नहीं जाएंगे (तब तक) मैं नहीं आऊंगा। I will not go until you come. जब तक वह नहीं बोलेगा, मैं नहीं मानूँगा। I do not agree until he speaks तुम ठहरो, जब तक वो आ न जाए। You stay until he comes. मैं तुम्हें जाने नहीं दूंगा जब तक तुम मेर बुक लोटा न दोगे।
I won't let you go until you return my book. मैं बाहर नहीं जा सकता जब तक वह सो नहीं जाता । I can't go out until he sleeps./falls asleep. उसे दवा मिलनी चाहिए जब तक वह ठीक न हो जाए। He should get medicine until he gets well. I’ll wait with you until The bus comes. (Finite) जब तक गोपी ठीक न हुआ मैंने उसकी सेवा की।
I served/nursed Gopi until he got well/recovered. जब तक देश मे अन्न की समस्या दूर नही होती यह उन्नति नहीं कर सकता। The country can't progress until its solves food problem. जब तक उसका स्वास्थ्य नहीं सुधर उसने स्थान नही छोड़ा He didn't leave the place until got well. जब तक तुम खुद को योग्य नहीं बनाते तुम नौकरी नहीं कर सकते। You can't get a job until you qualify yourself. जब तक आप मेहनत नहीं करेंगे आप सफल नहीं हो सकते। You can't succeed until you do hard work. यहां प्रतीक्षा करो जब तक मैं वापिस नहीं आ जाता हूँ। Wait here until I come return/back. Let's eat/have something until the movie starts . We danced until the sun set
No decision will be taken until my father comes.
Unless (Condition) तब तक नहीं, जब तक
बैंक तुम्हें लोन नहीं देगा जब तक तुम उसे असली प्रमाण पत्र नहीं दिखाते हो।
The Bank won't give you a loan unless you show your original identity.
यदि तुमने पढ़ाई नहीं की, तुम फैल हो जाओगे।
Unless You study, you won't pass.
कोई भी सपना तब तक सच नहीं होता जब तक आप उठकर काम पर नहीं जाते dream come true unless you wake up and go to work
जब तक तुम मेरे घर नहीं आओगे, मैं तुम्हारे घर नहीं जाऊंगा
Unless you come to my house, I won't go your house.
जब तक आप अभ्यास नहीं करेंगे तब तक आप अंग्रेजी नहीं बोल सकते।
You can't speak English unless you practice.
Our country can't progress unless every leader become work honest.
EVEN +Noun
उन्होनें खाना तो दूर की बात है, पानी तक आफर नहीं किया" (Even water)
Even (contrast opposite)
He didn't offer me even a glass of water
Even his child speaks in english
3. Even his servant have a Santri Car.
Even I don't know.
Even his best friend doesn't know about his affair.
Even if भले ही (शर्त)
Even if you earn a lot of money, you will not be happy
Even if you purchase a flat, your friend won't come to your home.
Even if you touch his feet, he will never forgive you
Even if you go to mumbai you can't be an actor
Even when (यहां तक कि जब)
Even when I spoke in Hindi. He didn't understand
Even when i speak slowly, he couldn't understand.
Even when. I made a cup of tea for her, she didn't behave properly
Even after (उसके बाद भी…)
Even after I scolded my son, he didn't stop abusing other people.
Even after getting married,he talks to other girls
Even after my advice ho is doing his silly activities
Even so…(ऐसा होने के बावजूद) contrast oposite
A person fell down fro the train even so he got up and start walking.
There is a lady, his husband is a dealer, he always drinks, he abused, he tortures her even so she makes food for him
Even though (हालांकि)
Even though he studied a lot, he faid
Even though i teach day and night , he doesn't understand anything.
Conjunction: a word that joins together sentences, clauses, phrases, or words.
Since (जब से, तब से) (Time)
जब से मैंने उसे देखा तब से दो साल हो गए हैं
जब से वह डाक्टर बना है तब से वो मुझे नहीं मिला है।
WHILE + V4) (A Time Two Work During
काम करते करते/करते हुए/करते समय मैं खाना खाता हूं।
I eat food while working
जब मैं टी वी देख रहा था उस दौरान/तब/उसी समय बारिश हो रही थी।
I was watching TV
while it was raining.
Volleyball खेलने के दौरान मेरी उंगली में मोच आ गई।
I sprained my finger while playing volleyball
खाना खाने के दौरान मैं पुस्तक पढ़ता हूँ।
I read a book while eating food.
जंगल घूमने के दौरान वह गुम हो गया।
He got lost while visiting/walking in the forest/words.
बोलने के दौरान उसने मुझे रोका।
While speaking he stopped/holded/interested
While working my phone rang.
Maya came to my home while i was studying
The children were playing while their mother was cooking the food.
I was walking in the garden while i met to Mr. Malviya.
I listen to the Radio while working.
1. For - क्योंकि
We sometimes use for as a conjunction meaning ‘because’. We use it in very formal, and often literary, contexts:
E.g. ‘We love God, for he first loved us.
2. And - और
Used to connect words of the same part of speech, clauses, or sentences, that are to be taken jointly.
E.g. Bread and butter
3. Nor - और न
Used before the second or further of two or more alternatives (the first being introduced by a negative such as ‘neither’ or ‘not’) to indicate that they are each untrue or each do not happen.
E.g. They were neither cheap nor convenient
4. But - लेकिन
Used to introduce a phrase or clause contrasting with what has already been mentioned.
E.g. He stumbled but didn't fall.
5. Or - या
Used to link alternatives.
E.g. A cup of tea or coffee
6.Yet - फिर भी
But at the same time; but nevertheless.
E.g. The path was dark, yet I slowly found my way.
So - इसलिये
And for this reason; therefore.
E.g. It was still painful so I went to see a specialis
action/event
conjunction
time
hen, after, before, until, since, while, once, as and as soon as are subordinating conjunctions which can be used to connect an action or an event to a point in time.
We can’t play loud music
after
everyone has gone to bed. (Finite)
She was in a bad car accident
when
she was young ((Finite)
Brush your teeth
before
you go to bed! (Finite)
I’ll wait with you
until
the bus comes. (Finite)
I’ve been very busy
since
I started my new job. (Finite)
No one left the cinema
while
the movie was on. (Finite)
I’ll call you
once
I arrive. (Finite)
We always have an ice cream
as soon as
we get to the beach. (Finite)
I bumped into her
as
I came out of the bank (Finite)
There, here, in the back Adjacent to , next to , near by, beyond, opposite to, at the point
Comparison
Use of 'Lest', Unless' :and Until".
तीनों का negative अर्थ है । अतः इन तीनों के साथ नकारत्मक (Negative) शब्द का प्रयोग नहीं किया जा सकता है। क्योंकि lest का रह है 'So that…..not' (ताकि….न) ।
Examples :
Ram fast lest, you should miss the train.
राम तेज़ दोड़ो नहीं तो ट्रैन छूट जाएगी।
Unless you work hard you will fail.
तुम परिश्रम करो नहीं तो तुम फेल हो जाओगे।
Wait here until I come.
यहां इंतजार करो जब तक मैं न आऊं।
'Should' एक मात्र ऐसी Auxilivary Verb है जो केवल 'lest' के साथ प्रयोग की जाती है। जैसे--
Take care lest you should fall. ( =So that you may not fall)
Conjunction; 'Both' ……'and'
'Both' के बाद 'and' का प्रयोग होता है न कि 'as well as' का ।। Example : 1. Both Ram and Shyam were present there. NOTE : 1. Verb हमेशा plural होता है ।। 2. Both का प्रयोग Negative Sense में नहीं होता है ।
Conjunction : Not only.....but also'
इस Conjunction का या तो एक Subject की दो qualities दिखाने के लिये use किया जाता है या दो Subjects की एक Common quality :
Example: He is not only Rich, but also generous.
Sentence के पहले हिस्से में कही गई quality व action का repetition नहीं होना चाहिये।
He is not a Rich but also he is generous.
ELSE : यदि Should के स्थान पर Would या May का use किया जा रहा है तो वहां 'Lest' के स्थान पर 'Else' का use होगा : Examples : I. Leave on time, 'else' you would miss the train. (I. समय पर निकलो, नहीं तो ट्रेन छूट जाएगी। ) II. Give him food, 'else' he may die. (उसे खाना दो, 'वरना' वह मर सकता है।)
NOTE : 'else' के बाद 'but' का प्रयोग किया जाता है 'than' का नहीं। जैसे : It is nothing 'else' 'but' (not than) vanity.
Conjunction; 'Rather/Other...........than' . 'Other'. 'than' : के द्वारा follow किया जाता है, but के द्वारा नहीं। "He has no other claim than his wealth." "उसके पास अपनी दौलत के अलावा और कोई दावा नहीं है। Ex. : "गीता कोई और नहीं मेरी बहन है।" "Geeta is no other 'than' my sister." (√)."Geeta is no other 'but' my sister."(x). "मेरे पास पेंसिल के बजाय पेन होगा।" "I would rather have the pen than pencil." (√). "I would rather have the pen 'but' pencil." (x). .
Conjunction:
'The reason/The reason why…..that'.
The reason, The reason why के साथ 'that' का प्रयोग किया जाता है ।
'because', 'on account of', 'due to' etc. का नहीं ।
Examples :
The 'reason why' Pinto is absent is 'that' he is ill. (correct).
The 'reason' why Pinto is 'because' (incorrect}
'Either…..or' (Conjunction)
'Either…..or' का प्रयोग हमेशा 'दो में से कोई एक' के अर्थ में होता है । 'Either' के बाद हमेशा 'or' का प्रयोग होता है, न कि, 'nor' का, क्योंकि यह Positive sense में use होता है ।। Example: (i) Either Mohan or Sohan has broken the window. (√) (ii) Either I or you are to blame. (√)
(iii) Either your or I have done this job. Note : Verb के प्रयोग में आने वाले Subject (Noun या Pronoun) के अनुसार किया जाता है ।
'As' and 'Like'
'As' के साथ समान्यतः Nominative case (कर्ता कारक) का प्रयोग होता है। जबकि 'Like' के साथ Objective case (कर्म कारक) का। Examples: (i) I don't love a student 'as' her. (x) I don't love a student 'like' her. (√) (ii) He runs as fast 'as' me.(×) He runs as fast 'like' i .(√) (iii) He helps a man 'as' me.(x) He helps a man 'like' I.(√) or He helps a man 'as'I do.(√]
【'IF' and 'WHETHER'】 CONJUNCTION. 'If' or 'whether' का प्रयोग 'कि के अर्थ में Reporting Verb --ask,want to know, enquire,demand etc. or RV + object के बाद Reporting Speech में होता है। Examples:. (I) He said, "Are you writing a latter.?" => He asked me 'if/whether' I was writing a letter. (ii) Gita said to Seeta, "Do you know the timings of Post Office? => Geeta enquired Seeta 'if/whether' she know the. timings of the post-office.
'WHETHER' का प्रयोग Preposition के बाद होता है, न कि 'If or that' का। Examples: (I) My father was a bit panic about 'Whether' he could meet the challenge 'or not' (correct) (ii) My father was a bit panic about 'If/that' he could meet the challenge 'or not. (wrong)
'WHETHER 'Whether' (Conjunction) का प्रयोग Infinitive (To + Verb 1st Form) के पहले होता है, न कि 'If or that का । Examples : (i) Geeta is not sure 'whether' to go there or not. ii) Geeta is not sure 'If/that ,to go there or not. NOTE: Whether के बाद हमेशा 'or' आता है। जैसे -- i don't know 'Whether ' he will come or not.
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