Classification of NOUN :
Noun is a naming word that refers to a person, place and thing. किसी व्यक्ति, स्थान या वस्तु के नाम को व्यक्त करने वाले शब्दों को Noun (संज्ञा) कहते हैं । e.g. Manoj, Ravi, Cow, Dog, Gold, Kolkata, Jaipur, Truth, Honesty, Air, etc. NOTE : वस्तु शब्द के विचार में आने वाले सभी पदार्थों का वर्णन आ जाता है।
There are five kinds of Noun
Common noun
Proper noun
Material Noun
Collective noun
Abstract Noun
Common Noun
किसी व्यक्ति, स्थान, वस्तु जो एक ही जाति के हों , के नाम को Proper Noun (Common Noun) की संज्ञा दी गई है।
Examples:
=> Man is a social animal
=> Cow give us milk
=>His books are lying on the table.
अर्थात (जाति) Common से यही तातपर्य है, जो किसी जाति की प्रत्येक वस्तु का बोध कराये। जैसे : Boy, Girl, City, State, Country, etc.
Pronoun.
किसी व्यक्ति, स्था, या वस्तु विशेष के नाम को Proper Noun कहा जाता है । अर्थात व्यक्ति से तातपर्य है, निजी, अपना (one's own)। अतः विशेष नाम (Proper Noun) किसी व्यक्ति का अपना या निजी नाम होता है ।।
जैसे : Ashoka, Sita, Agra, India etc.
Examples:
=> Shakespeare was a poet.
=> Lucknow is the capital of U.P.
=>The Bhagwat Gita is a religious scripture.
NOTE : 1. Proper Noun सदैव Capital अक्षर से आरम्भ होते हैं । जैसे : The Mahabharata, Delhi, Manoj. etc. 2. Proper Nouns का समान्यतः बहुवचन नहीं होता है । 3. Proper Noun कभी-कभी Common Nouns की तरह प्रयुक्त होते हैं । जैसे : He was the Lukman (=the wisest man) of his age. 3. Kalidas is often called the Shakespeare (=the greatest dramatist) of India. 4.Common Noun एक जाति की दूसरी जाति से पृथक होना दर्शाता है। Proper Noun एक व्यक्ति/वस्तु को दूसरे व्यक्ति/वस्तु से पृथक करता है ।
Material Noun :
Material Noun की संज्ञा उन तत्वों/वस्तुओं को दी गई है जिनसे वस्तु/ पदार्थ तैयार किये जाते हैं ।।Examples :
=> Silver is cheaper than Gold.
=> Copper is used as any alloy.
=> Axe is made of Iron.
NOTE : 1 Material Noun उन पदार्थों की ओर इंगित करता है जो Quantity या भार से तोले/गिने जाते हैं। (नम्बर या इकाई से नही)
2 Material Noun बहुवचन में (कुछ विशेष रूप में प्रयोग होने के अतिरिक्त) प्रयोग नहीं होते। जब उनका प्रयोग बहुवचन में किया जाता है, वे निज जाति की विभिन्नताओं को दर्शाते हैं।
Example : Wines. Here wines denote different varieties of sugar and wine.
Collective Noun :
व्यक्ति या वस्तु समुह को दर्शाने वाले Nouns को Collective Noun की संज्ञा दी गई है। Examples :
=> There are sixty students in my class. (Plural)
=> India has a splendid Army. (Singular)
=> The mob has become unruly. (Singular)
=> Parliament is considering the bill. (Singular)
Note : जब Collective Noun का प्रयोग इस प्रकार किया जाए कि दर्शाये गए व्यक्ति एक इकाई (Whole/Unit) नहीं, बल्कि पृथक रूप में दर्शाये गए हों, तो उसे Noun of multitude कहते हैं। अतः Noun of Multitude बहुवचन में प्रयोग होता है तथा Collective Noun एकवचन में => => The Jury consist of eight persons. (Collective Noun)
=> The Jury were divided in their opinions. (Noun of multitude) (Plural)
Abstract Noun :
Abstract Noun की संज्ञा उन गुणों अथवा विचारों को दी गई है जो ठोस नहीं है। अर्थात Abstract शब्द का अर्थ है--'अलग करना'।
=> Health, Theft, Honour, Beauty, Hatred, Truth, Fragrance, Judgement, etc.
Note:
Abstract Noun उसे कहते हैं जिसे देखा, चखा, छुआ, या सुंघा नहीं जा सकता, परन्तु जो दिमाग से अनुभव किया जा सकता है।
2. Classification of Common Noun
आधुनिक अंग्रेजी व्याकर्णविदों के अनुसार Nouns (संज्ञाओं) का वर्गीकरण इस आधार पर किया गया है कि वे 'गणनीय' (Countable) है या 'अगणीय' (Uncountable
(i) Countable Common Nouns
(ii) Unmountable Common Nouns
(I) Countable Common Nouns
Countable Nouns उन वस्तुओं, व्यक्तियों के नाम हैं जिनकी हम गणना कर सकते हैं। जैसे : Book, Pen, Apple, Girl, Teacher, Horse etc.
(II) Uncountable Common Noun.
Uncountable Common Nouns उन व्यक्तियों, वस्तुओं के नाम हैं जिनकी हम गणना नहीं कर सकते हैं । जैसे : Milk, Oil, Sugar, Gold, Honesty।
ये मुख्यतः तत्वों और अमूर्त वस्तुओं को सूचित करते हैं।
Countable Noun
Uncountable Noun
Example
Stars, Seconds, Rupees, etc.
Money, Time, Knowledge etc.
Verb
Singular with Singular Noun, Plural with Plural Noun
Singular Verb
Adjective
Many, Few, a number of, the number of
Much, Little, Quantity of
Article
A/An the can be used
Only 'the' can be used
Note :
(I) Countable Nouns के बहुवचन रूप होते हैं जबकि Uncountable Nouns के बहुवचन रूप नहीं होते हैं। जैसे हम books कह सकते हैं, किन्तु milks नहीं कह सकते।
(II) Uncountable Nouns के अंतर्गत Abstract व Material Nouns आते हैं। इनके पूर्व a/an Indefinite Articles का प्रयोग नहीं होता है। a/an का प्रयोग उस Condition में होता है, जब इनके पूर्व Adjective का प्रयोग होता है। जैसे : a bit of news, a piece of information.
(III) कुछ abstract Nouns (Qualities, Action) Countable होते हैं।
जैसे : Joys, Sorrows, Miseries etc.
Make corrections the under bracket words where ever is necessary.
Exercise 1.1
1, He put on his pants and went to see deer. He met many sheep on the way.
2, India won in the first inning He cut the news with scissors and kept the clipping in his trousers
3, The images are very beautiful in the poetry of Keats.
4, In communist countries wage earners are given great importance. They are given a good (premise) to live in.
5, He gave me advice to see the scenery of Kashmir.
6, The information that this firm supplies good furniture and stationery proved wrong.
7. There was a quarrel among the sons on the effects left by their late father. It told upon their morals. The uncle took great pains to settle the matter
3. The Noun Number
जब noun एक व्यक्ति / वस्तु को पदर्शित करता है, तो वह Singular में होता है । जब वह एक से अधिक संख्या दर्शाते हैं, तो Plural में कहा जाता है
=> Man, Child, Table, (Singular Nouns)
=> Men, Children, Tables (Plural Nouns)
Note : किंतु Proper, Abstract, औऱ Material Noun का Plural नहीं होता । जैसे : Ram, Darkness, Curd, etc. इन सभी का Plural तभी हो सकता है जब उनसे किसी चीज की प्रकार या जाति समझी जाती हो जैसे :
Virtues, wines etc.
(1). Rules : Formation of Plurals
Singular
Plural
Cow
Cows
Boy
Boys
Apple
Apples
Time
Times
(2) End in s/ss/z/sh/x/ch
+es
Kindness
Kindnesses
Lens
Lenses
Gas
Gases
End--in 'z' ;
+z+es.
Fuzz
Fuzzes
Quiz
Quizzes
Topaz
Topazes
Ends in 'sh'
+sh+es
Flash
Flashes
Brush
Brushes
Hash
Heshes मिश्रण
Ends in 'ch'
+ch+es
Bunch
Bunches
Church
Churhes
Ends in 'x'
+x+es
Mix
Mixes
Box
Boxes
Fax
Faxes
End in +ch
Ch+s
Stomach
Stomachs
Couch
Conchs
Monarch
Monarchs सम्राट
3. End in 'y'
+ies
Harmony
Baby
Thievery
Harmonies
Babies
Thieveries
Army
City
Petty
Armies
Cities
Pretties
End in vowel +'y'
+ys
Holiday
Journey
Holidays
Journeys
Guy
Key
Guys
Keys
4. End in + f/fe
+ves
Thief
Loaf
Calf
Thieves
Loaves
Calves
Wolf
Shelf
Self
Wolves
Shelves
Selves
Ending with 'f'
Life
Wife
Knife
f+ves
Lives
Wives
Knives
Exception
+s
Chief
Roof
Gulf
Serf
Chiefs
Roofs
Gulfs
Serfs
Brief
Handkerchief
Dwarf
Safe
Briefs
Handkerchiefs
Dwarfs
Safes
5. Ending 'o'
es
Tomato
Mango
Mosquito
Tomatoes
Mangoes
Mosquitoes
Negro
Buffalo
Negroes
Buffaloes
6. Ending 'o'
Dynamo
Piano
Soprano
Consonant +s
Dynamoes
Pianos
Sopranos
Kilo
Quarto
Solo
Kilos
Quartos
Solos
7.ending in+Vowel+vowel
Ratio
Folio
S
Ratios
Folios
Stereo
Cuckoo
Studio
Stereos
Cuckoos
Studios
8. Noun
Man
Goose
Woman
Sound change
Men
Geese
Women
Mouse
Foot
Louse
Tooth
Mice
Feet
Lice
Teeth
9. Noun
Ox
Noun+en/ten
Oxen
Child
Brother
Children
Brothers
10. Noun+Prep+Noun
Commander in chief
Court martial
Man in law
Daughter in law
Noun+s+Prep+Noun
Commanders in chief
Courts martial
Men in law
Daughters in law
Coat of mail
Editor of general
Son in law
Postmaster general
Coats of mail
Editors in general
Sons in law
Post masters general
(I)Compound Noun Verb
Hanger on
Runner up
Looker on
Passer by
er noun+adverb
Hangers on
Runners up
Lookers on
Passers by
(II) दूसरे शब्द का
Arm chair
Boy friend
Break in
Se daughter
Grown up
Stand by
बहुवचन कर के
Arm chairs
Boy friends
Break ins
Step daughters
Grown ups
Stand bys
(III) दोनो शब्दों का
Man doctor
Men servent
बहुवचन करके
Men doctors
Men servent
Woman drive
Man driver
Woman soldier
Women drivers
Men drivers
Women soldiers
Alphabet के words में गणित की इकाईयों तथा अन्य चिन्ह के बहुवचन apostrophe (') तथा s लगाकर बनते हैं।या उनके बिना।
Examples:
(I) There are more a's than e's on this page.
(II) Dot your y's and cross your p's.
(III) Add two 5's and four 2's.
12. कुछ foreign शब्दों के plural निम्न प्रकार के होते हैं
From Latin:
Erratum
Index
Radius
Formula
Memorandum
Synopses
Thesis
Candelabrum
Phenomenon
Agandum
Datum
Stratum
Medium
Vertebra
From Italian:
Madame
Monsieur
From Latin:
Errata
Indexes
Radi
Formulas
Memoranda
Synopsis
Thesrs
Candelabra
Phenomena
Aganda
Data
Strata
Medium
Vertebrae
From Italian:
Madames
Monsieurs
From French:
Cheru
Seraph
From English Pattern
Focus
Fungus
Terminus
Radius
Syllabus
Automation
Aquarium
Curriculum
Parenthesis
Hypothesis
Phenomenon
Criterion
From French:
Cherubs
Seraphs
From English Pattern
Focuses
Funguses
Terminusrs
Radiuses
Syllabuses
Automations
Aquariums
Curriculums
Parentheses
Hypotheses
Phenomena
Criteria
Alumnus
Bacillus
Locus
Stimulus
Diagnosis
Ellipsis
Oasis
Gymnasium
Criterion
Sanatorium
Symposium
Dogma
From Greek:
Axis
Crisis
Basis
Analysis
Alumni
Bacilli
Lici
Stimuli
Diagnoses
Ellipses
Oases
Gymnasiums
Criterions
Sanatoriums
Symposiums
Dogmas
From Greek:
Axes
Crises
Bases
Analyses
(13) कुछ noun Compound Noun जैसे दिखाई देते हैं पर उन्हें One word ही माना जाता है। अतः उनका plural इस प्रकार बनना चाहिए।
Spoonfuls (nonspoonful)
Handfuls (non handsful)
Spoonfuls of medicine.
Handfuls of grains
Cupfuls (Non cupful)
Glassful (non glassfuls coffee.
Cupfuls of tea
Glassful cupfuls coffee
(14) कुछ Nouns के plural तथा Singular एक से होते हैं।
Sheep
Grouse
Trout
Pice
Common
Spices
Cod
Sheep
Grouse
Trout
Pice
Common
Spices
Cod
भेड़
गुनगुनानेवाला
ट्राउट
पैसा
सामान्य
मसाले
सीओडी
Deer
Swine
Corps
Apparatus
Series
Fish
Salmon
Deer
Swine
Corps
Apparatus
Series
Fish
Salmon
हिरन
सुअर
कोर
उपकरण
श्रृंखला
मछली
सैमन
Examples :
A series of lecture was delivered.
There are eighty fish in this pond.
This species of sparrow is very rare.
There are many species of birds in this zoo.
Exercise 1.2 (f or fe => es) (f=>v)
My daughters in law who are in Agra have come to visit us.
मेरी बहुएं जो आगरा में हैं हमसे मिलने आई हैं।
Running the five, star hotel needs much more money than what we have in our account.
फाइव, स्टार होटल को चलाने के लिए हमारे खाते में जितने पैसे हैं, उससे कहीं ज्यादा पैसे की जरूरत है।
Some South Indian mangoes are sold in the North too. Some South Indian heroes are also popular.
कुछ दक्षिण भारतीय आम उत्तर में भी बेचे जाते हैं। कुछ दक्षिण भारतीय नायक भी लोकप्रिय हैं।
The Loaves she gave me were stale. I gave them to the calves.
उसने मुझे जो रोटियाँ दीं, वे बासी थीं। मैंने उन्हें बछड़ों को दे दिया।
The thieves took away all things that were kept on the shelves.
चोरों ने अलमारियों में रखा सारा सामान ले लिया।
She had no real brother. When her two mothers in law teased her she went to the house of her brothers. There she had two step mothers.
उसका कोई सगा भाई नहीं था। जब उसकी दोनों सासों ने उसे चिढ़ाया तो वह अपने भाइयों के घर चली गई। वहाँ उसकी दो सौतेली माँएँ थीं।
The doctor have tried many formulae to kill the harmful bacilli, For stimuli they prescribe vitamins.
डॉक्टर ने हानिकारक जीवाणुओं को मारने के लिए कई फार्मूले आजमाए हैं, उत्तेजना के लिए वे विटामिन लिखते हैं।
The teacher drew two radii in the curricula.
शिक्षक ने पाठ्यचर्या में दो चित्रो को खींचीं।
The university drew their own htpotheses and included them in their synopsis There are no criterion for sich phenomenon
विश्वविद्यालय ने अपने स्वयं के htpotheses को आकर्षित किया और उन्हें अपने सारांश में शामिल किया सिच घटना के लिए कोई मानदंड नहीं हैं
कुछ Noun बहुवचन में ही प्रयोग होते हैं Examples:
Animals
Drawers
Measles
Premisses
Innings
Amends
Assets
Tongs
जानवरों
दराज़
खसरा
परिसर
पारी
हरजाना
संपत्ति
चिमटा
Pants
Means
Jeans
Lodgings
Savings
Victuals
Fetters
Nuptials
पैंट
माध्य
जीन्
आवास
बचत
अन्न
बेड़ी
शादी
Remains
Spectacles
Scissors
Binoculars
Thanks
Trousers
Socks
Giddings
खंडहर
चश्मा
कैंची
दूरबीन
धन्यवाद
पैजामा
मोज़े
गिडिंग्स
(16) कुछ शब्द जो 's' में अंत होते हैं उनका use एकवचन तथा बहुवचन दोनों प्रकार से किया जाता है जैसे
A means of transport
A species of bird
A television series
Many means of transport
Many species of birds
Two television series
(17) कुछ एकवचन वाले Nouns बहुवचन verb के साथ प्रयोक्त होते हैं क्योंकि वे मानव समूह के रूप में use होते हैं।
Government
Staff
Team
Family
Audience
Community
Company
Firm
(18) धन राशि, समय-अवधि, दूरी, आदि इकाई माने जाते हैं। अतः उनके साथ singular verb का use होता है।
Examples:
An amount of thirty thousand pounds was stolen in the robbery.
Eleven miles is a long distance to walk.
(19) कुछ Noun का अर्थ Singular and Plural में अलग होता है।
Nouns in Singular
Their Meaning
Nouns in Plural
Their Meaning
Advice
Air
Counsel
Atmosphere
Aiir
Airs
Information
Proud, Behaviour
कुछ nouns का एक meaning in the singular and दूसरा in the plural होता है जैसे:
Spectacle
Letters
Minutes
Pain
Arms
Manner
Custom
Colour
Moral
Effect
Ground
Sight
Alphabet
A unit of time
Care
Weapons
Method
Habit
Flags
Conflict
Property
Reason
Spectacles
Letters
Minute
Pains ache
Arms
Manners
Custom
Colours
Morals
Effects
Ground
Eye-glasses
Learning's
Proceeding of a meaning.
Troubles
Under limbs
Behaviour
Duties on goods
Hue
Lesson
Result
Earth
Examples:
A. The teacher ordered the students to stand up with their arms raised.
B. Pakistan is buying Arms from foreign.
A. A man suffering from chest pain.
B. Parents took a lot of pains in looking after them.
A. Wait for a minute. I'm just coming.
B. The manager circulate minutes of last meeting
A. Fill this form in capital letters.
B He is a man of letters.
A. The Spectacle of Diwali Mela was eye-catching.
B. I have lost my Spectacles
There are some nouns that change their meaning when used in the plural form.
कुछ nouns के दो plural दो तरह के होते हैं और दोनों का अर्थ भिन्न भिन्न होता है।
Singular Noun
Plural Noun
Meaning
Plural 2
Meaning
Brother
Brothers
Son of same Parents
Brethren
Members of a community/Socitey
Cloth
Cloths
Kinds or pieced of cloth
Clothes
Garments
Die
Dies
Stamps for coining
Dice
Small cubes for playing
Genius
Geniuses
Talented persond
Genius
Spirits
Index
Indexes
Tables of contents
Indices
Signs in Algebra
Shot
Shots
Balls of iron throw stroke/hit in certain games
Shots (from shoot)
Firing from the gun
Fish
Fish
Considered Collectively
Fishs
Considered separately
Penny
Pennies
Separate
Pence
A collective noun
Formula
Formulae
Rules of Mathematics
Formulas
Methods of application
Examples :
I, (a). We are four brothers. (Son of same parents)
(b) Be helpful to your brothers at the time of this flood crisis. (Mamber, Society Nature)
II. (a) Pleasure to wash off there cloths.
(b) Gandhiji use to wear Swadeshi clothes.
III. (a) He purchased die for his factory. (Stamps for coining)
(b) He played a smart trick while throwing the dice on the board.(small cubes for playing)
IV. (a) it's very difficult for me to learn mathematical formulae. Rules of mathematics)
(b) A number of formulas were offered. (modes of application)
EXERCISE 1.4.
Sense of the noun
Chicken-pox
Neither-nor
Trousers
Forty rupees
Statistics
Verb-Singular/Plural
Is-Singular
Has- Singlar
Are-Plural
Is-Singular
Is-Singular
The summons
As well as
The jury
The poor
Scissors
Have-Plural
Is-Singular
Have-Plural
Deserve-Plural
Are- Plural
EXERCISE 1.5
Choose the correct alternative and fill in the blanks in the following sentences:
Sheep live in flocks.
He is suffering from measles.
Where are my spectacles kept?
His hair are grey.
A building made of brick and stone.
The Commanders-in-chief (D)attended the meeting.
A five-rupee © note was found by me on the road.
Rahul studied in a boys' school
She was very helpful, She gave me some very useful advice.
These five children are her offspring. (वंशज)
She has learnt the alphabet by heart.
The audience highly applauded the presentation of the play.
It's undesirable (आवंशनिय/हानिकारक) to carry heavy luggage in this old age.
Romantic poetry is subjective in nature.
My sister-in-law is appearing for High School examination.
(1,) Some important Rule Related to Nouns.
[Singular Noun + Preposition + Singular Noun (Same) ]
Day by day
Day after day
Row upon row
(2) Ten rupees, Ten Miles +Noun] => [Ten rupee, Ten mile.]
Examples:
Ten rupees have been spent. But.
I have a ten rupee note
He had a five mile walk (n.) yesterday
(3) No changeable Singular and Plural Nouns
Series, Species, Sheep, Deer, Fish, but,
Fishes (Variety of fish)
(4) if dozen, hundred, thousand, million + (one, two, three, etc) =Similar form.
Not to be Plural form: dozens, hundreds, etc. Without 'of'
Examples:
Five dozen eggs have been bought.(√) Five dozens. (X)
[Indefinite Number => Plural form]
Dozens of eggs. (√)
Hundreds of students. Similarly
In hundreds in thousands, in Dozens (√)
(5) Advice, machinery, soap, apparatus, furniture, and information, language, luggage, baggage, breakage, drapery, imagery, poetry, dust, etc. => Uncountable Nouns. Not Plural, not article (a, an) plus
Examples:
He gave me lots of (many places of) advice.
Radha sold her furniture.
Rajesh sold some furniture.
Rajesh's friend bought some places of furniture.
Please give me all information about the accident
(6) Bread is an uncountable noun. If countable sense then 'A piece of bread,' a lot of loaves'
Examples:
He got two loaves of bread.
He eats bread/a loaf of bread.
(7) Place means स्थान whereas room means कमरा व जगह (space) दोनों होता है।
There is not a room for us in the car.
(8) Poetry is an uncountable noun. For a poem is Countable noun.
It's a nice piece of poetry. (Uncountable
It's a nice poem. (Countable)
(9) Cardboard, Education, Equipment, and Go are uncountable Nouns.
A lot of food is used for बहुत खाना/बहुत भोजन ;
They need some cardboard for this.
They need some pieces of cardboard for this.
His sons need some education.
I need some new equipment.
I took some food to eat.
I too a lot of food to eat.
(10) Scene countable and Scenery uncountable is:
Let's see–
The scenery around here is beautiful.
This is a beautiful scene. (बेहद खूबसूरत नजारा, दर्शय)
This is a beautiful place of scenery.
(11) Five-year-old boy, Six- month-old girl, Three-week-old-friend, Two-day-old baby etc are written.
Though year/month/week/day with (s) not be used.
But Six years old, five weeks old are written.
A five-dollar bill, A four-foot ladder, A six-mile walk, A ten-minute conversation, A two-hour exam, etc.
(12) Another Singular; with 'another' is not to be used Singular Noun whisht 'other' is plural noun.
Let's see:-
They live in another town. (Singular)
Have you got another letter? (Singular)
Have you got other letters? (Plural)
(13) Noun/Pronoun is always Singular after come to be 'Each'.
Though Everything, Everybody, and Everyone is always Singular.
Let's see:-
Each house is white.
They help each other.
Each wanted a novel for himself.
Everything is ready.
Everybody was there.
Everyone has a pen.
But, If (One, Each, Everybody, Everyone, etc). Is after comes use (of) then Noun /Pronoun is Always Plural.
Each of the students has gone. (विद्यार्थियों में से हर एक)
Each of the players had gone. (खिलाड़ियों में से हर एक
One of the most intelligent boys. (सबसे बुद्धिमान लड़कों में से एक
(14) Nonsense, Weather, and progress uncountable nouns, that before not to be (a/an) used,
But A piece of nonsense, a spell of weather (a/an) is used.
That ways sometimes 'Knowledge' and magic are uncountable nouns, So, before that neither used (a) and nor add (s) is made Plural. But knowledge sometimes (a) is used.
Let's see:-
Knowledge is power (Learning)
He has a knowledge of the truth, (Information)
He has a good knowledge of English/London. (Information)
By means of books knowledge is spread.
I saw magic yesterday
It's nice weather.
What nonsense to have a picnic today
(15) A Lot off / Lots of / Plenty of ; (बहुत सारा) after using Plural Countable Noun/Uncountable Noun are used.
Let's See:-
There are a lot of people in the meeting.
A lot of pens and books are on the table.
There is a lot of money in his pocket.
He saw a lot of films in his students life.
Whereas 'One of' + Plural Noun (Singular, because actually subject is One)
Singular:
Teaching English is one of my tasks.
One of his brothers is a typist.(उसके भाइयों में से एक)
One of the boys was ill.
One of the pens has no ink
(16) Pictures means Cinema. When this word is always Plural Noun.
'Surroundings' Plural. (परिवेश)
Thus high/low/good+spirits = Plural (Always)
Spirits means "mood"
Let's see:
Payal and Shanky went to the pictures to see 'English Vinglish'.
Our surroundings were pleasant.
There are in high spirits today.
(17) Now-a-days => [आजकल] / Sometimes => [कभी कभी] / Whereabouts=> [पता ठिकाना]
Now-a-days, the cities are very crowded.
Sometimes, I take milk for breakfast.
His whereabouts is /are still unknown.
Now-a-days, children prefer TV to radio.
But:
See me some time tomorrow.
(18) Two-thirds, Thanks, orders, (Commands given with authority),
Alms, (भीख) Glasses, Assets, (सम्पति) Scales, तराजू) Vegetables, Eatables, Bowels, (आंत)
Fetters (हथकड़ी) Credentials (परिचय पत्र), Pants, Pyjamas, Shirts, Moveables, Ashes,
(From the fire, Cigarette ash) always in are used Plural Noun.
These as noun shouldn't remove (S or ES) for use Singular the same meaning. As:
Asset means when 'quality' then it uses also in Singular.
Good health is a great asset
Beauty is Sita's only asset.
(19) Collective Nouns: As- (A group (of things)
Generally are singular.
Let's see:
A crowd (of people),
A herd (of cattle)
A flock (of sheep)
A regiment (of soldiers)
A congregation (of worshippers (भजन मंडली)
A group of people was in the meeting.
A herd of cattle was stolen yesterday
A flock of sheep is grazing.
A team of cricket players is there
A crowd of girls is in the playground
(20) In English is some as Collective Nouns (group nouns)
According to the Form Singular, but according to the meaning Plural..
So obviously with nouns according to those are used Singular /Plural verb.
Let's see,
The Public/Audience was/were enjoying the Magic Show
The Committee has/have considered your request.
The vast Majority of Students need/needs financial support at present.
The Government has/have broken its/ their promise.
But when The Group is considered as a single undivided body.
then Singular Verb is used with it. Let's see:
The public consists of you and me.(शामिल)
The Audience was enormous. (एकमत)
My Company is opening a new factory
But, If the members above Collective noun these are sense then they are considered the Plural
Let's see,
The Team was strong. (Singular)
The Team were fighting among themselves
Group were plural if divided their statements
Group were Singular if united it's opinion
(21) Goods, Premises (आहाता), People, Police, Riches, Scissors, Shears, Trousers Etc. are always used in Plural Form.
And Plural Verb only with their. Let's see:-
(21) I The goods were sent to your house. (Plural)
These premises look very big. (Plural)
The police were sent to the hospital. (Plural
But, when these before (pair of…) addition
(A pair of shoes/Shears/Scissors/gloves{trousers.)then those considered the Singular
That pair of shoes is of Ram.
This pair of gloves belongs to him. (whereas)
His shoes were clean.
His trousers were torn
(22) After (A lot of / Plenty of / A great deal of / Most of / Some of, Uncountable Noun always is used in Singular Form and Plural Form In a Countable Noun is used. Let's see:-
He has plenty of rice.
Rakesh has plenty of opportunity.
Most of the boys are ill.
Most of the sigar is sold.
(23) I. People, Cattle, Police, Gentry, Peasantry, Nobility, Poultry, Electorate, Riches and Sheep always uses in Plural Verb while disease names such as: Measles, Mumps and Diabetes are considered 'Singular'.
The cattle were grazing in the field.
Ramji has five sheep.
Measles is a serious disease.
II. Tools, OR Instrument : Bellows, Fetters, Pincers, Tongs, Arms etc.
III Articles of Dress : Trousers, Trappings, Pants, Patloom Pyjamas, etc.
(24) With After this only, When Mathematics, Politics, Physics. Economics, Ethics, Dynamics, Classics, Phonetics, Linguistics, etc. are used in the form of any subject.
But, when these use in Plural meaning then it's these qualitie sense and generally these before adding (his/the/such).
Physics/Mathematics is a difficult subject.
भौतिकी/गणित एक कठिन विषय है।
Politics has no attraction for his family.
उनके परिवार के लिए राजनीति का कोई आकर्षण नहीं है।
A Person's ethics/politics are his own affair.
एक व्यक्ति की नैतिकता/राजनीति उसका अपना मामला है।
The economics of the country have yet to be improved
देश की अर्थव्यवस्था में अभी सुधार होना बाकी है।
Some Nouns in these ending (s) => (es) they are used with Singular Verb.
(I) Games & Supports : Billboards, Draughts, Gymnastics, Athletes, Darts, etc.
(II) Titles of Books : Arabon Nights, War and Peace, Three Musketeers, Gulliver's, Travels, Tales From Shakespeare etc.
(III) Descriptive Names of Countries : United States, United Arab Emirates, New South Wales, Persian Gulf State etc.
Summons, Gallows.
When 'Statistics' is used the form of Subject then Singular Verb and 'Collection of Data' 's point then Plural Verb is used.
1 Statistics is his favorite study.
-But-
2 Official statistics show real wage declining by 25%.
(25) Abstract Noun 's not to be Plural. When such words are showed in use Plural then in facts those likevCommon Noun.
Such as, Provocation's, instances or cases; Kindnesses-acts of kindness.
EXERCISE 1.6.
Fill in the blanks by choosing the correct opinion give below, :
1, I must help him. After all. We are brothers of same profession.
2. Has he Agenda for tomorrow's meeting been drawn up?
3. All the Topazs were sold. You are too late to buy them.
4. Heavy decoration and lighting was displayed on all the Church's of the city on evening of Christmas
5. To prevent yourself from Mosquitoes use 'good night mat
6. His heart is full of hatred.
7. At night, I read the story of ten little Dwarfs and saw all of them in my dream.
8.
The word Noun means --A Name,
Clearly Nouns are Naming words, They Name, Persons, Places, Animals, things, Quality, States, Actions, Feelings, etc.
They may be used as Subject, Objects, or Compliments in Sentences.
Let's study them in details ;
A, Read these sentences and observe the words in bold type :
Anil is a cunning boy.
My mother is an old lady.
Mohan and Mala are friends
Anita's brother is a doctor.
The Postman brought me a letter.
Mr. Johan is an able teacher.
All the words in bold type are name of Persons.
B, Read these sentences and observe the word in bold type :
Our school is near the bus-stop.
Kolkata is a very large city.
Lions and tigers are live in forests.
Your house is on the road-side.
Paris is the capital of France.
The river flows through a narrow valley.
All the words in bold type are name of Places
C, Read these sentenced and observe the words in bold type :
Cows live on in grass.
Tigers and lions kill deer and hares.
The sheep is a meek animals.
Mrs. Dass keeps hens and ducks.
The eagle is a king of birds.
All the words in bold type are name of Animals
D. Read these sentences and observe the words in bold type :
My books are on the table.
The pen is in the inkpot.
Picture and the chart are hanging on the wall.
She is bought a Ribbon and a hairpin.
The hawker is selling mangoes and melons.
All the words in bold type are names of Things.
E. Read these sentences and observe the words in bold type :
Honesty pays in the long run.
We must treat animals with kindness.
An elephants has immense strength.
Patience is so dear to God.(भगवान को धैर्य बहुत प्रिय है।)
Beauty can not be made
All the words in bold type are names of Quality.
F Read these sentences and observe in the word in bold type
Prosperity attacks friends.समृद्धि दोस्तों पर हमला करती है।
Happiness consists in contentment. खुशी संतोष में निहित है।
Slavery is a big cures गुलामी एक बहुत बड़ा अभिशाप है
Freedom is a great blessing indeed.स्वतंत्रता वास्तव में एक महान वरदान है
All the words in bold type are names of States.
G. Read these sentences and observe the word in the bold type
(a) The here and the tortoise have a Race. खरगोश और कछुआ की एक दौड़ है।
(b) Late sings very sweets Songs.
© The baby enjoyed a sound sleep.
(d) She has a graceful gait.
All the words in bold type are names of Actions.
H. Read these sentences and observe the words in bold type
I have Sympathy with you.
Sorrow must be shared दुख बांटना चाहिए
Joy is also short-lived.
His behaviour put me in wonder.
All the words in bold type are named of Feelings.
All these various types of naming words are called NOUNS.
A noun in the name of a person, place, animal, thing, quality, action States, feeling etc.
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