Adjective

4. An Adjectives An adjective is a word that qualities or add something to the meaning of a noun. There function is to tell us what kind, which ones how many, what position or what colour the noun possessed. किस प्रकार/ कौन सा/ कितने / क्या स्थिति, या रंग है In the following examples note the functions indicated in the parentheses: (¡)  We heard loud noises in the night. (What kind) किस प्रकार का शोर (तेज शौर) (ii) Have you seen two tall boys? (Which) कैसे लड़के–लंबे लड़के (iii) He stood second in the class. (What position) कौन सा स्थान–दूसरा स्थान। (iv) My mother has a yellow sari. कौन सा रंग– पीला रंग। (v) She is very smart (What kind) कैसी है–स्मार्ट है।

Kinds of Adjectives Adjectives आठ प्रकार के होते हैं। 8.1   Proper Adjectives 8.2   Adjectives of Quality or Qualitative Adjectives        (Descriptive Adjective) 8.3  Adjectives of Quality or Qualitative Adjectives 84   Adjectives of Number or Numeral Adjectives. 8.5  Distributive Adjectives 8.6  Demonstrative Adjective. 8.7  Interrogative Adjectives. 8.8  Possessive Adjectives.

Proper Adjectives Proper Adjectives Proper Noun से बनते हैं विशेषयता Geographical (भूगोलिक) places, Continents,  Countries, States etc.  (द्वीप, देश, राज्य आदि) ये adjectives Origin of Sources (उत्पत्ति)को दर्शाते हैं। 👉 Indian seas, Japanese  goods, Punjabi Folk Dance,etc.

Descriptive Adjective or Adjective of Quality These denote some qualities or attribute e.g  Shapes, Colours, Size, etc. 👉 A tall man, a black cow, a round bell, a cold day, e.t.c.

Quantitative Adjective or Adjectives of Quality. These indicate the quantity of a think. 👉 Much, Little, No, none, some, any, enough, Sufficient, all , Whole, Half, etc.

Note: 1. Own and very, Emphasising, Adjectives कहलाते हैं। I have written this documents with my  Own hand. This is a very interesting book I want Exclamatory Adjective What जब exclamatory के रूप में नौंस के साथ प्रयुक्त होता है तो उसे  Exclamatory Adjective कहते हैं। What a potty! What a piece of work is man!

Distributive Adjectives ये किसी वर्ग की प्रत्येक या एक का  या एक का भी नहीं व्यक्ति या वस्तु का बोध करवाते हैं। 👉 India expects every man to do his duty. 👉 Every child, each player, either way, neither way, etc. Note : Each, Every, Either, Neither सदैव  एकवचन में प्रयुक्त होते हें। Every is only Adjective and it can be used both an Adjective and pronoun

Demonstrative Adjectives यह किसी विशेष व्यक्ति या वस्तु को indicate करते हैं। 👉 This boy is industrious. 👉. I hate such things. 👉 This, That, Those, These, Such, etc.

Interrogative Adjectives इनका प्रयोग क्या या कौन सी वस्तु यह पूछने के लिए किया जाता है: 👉What noise is this? 👉Which fruit do you like most?

Possessive Adjectives. ये स्वामित्व या अधिकार दर्शाते हैं।  Possessive case के सभी Nouns और pronouns को Possessive को Possessive Adjectives कहते हैं। 👉  This is your pan. 👉 My pen is blue your pen is black. 👉My, Our, Her, His, Their etc. None is used when the Noun is understood. Possessive Adjective + Noun = Possessive Adjective.

NOTE 2. Possessive Adjective के पश्चात हमेशा Noun का प्रयोग किया जाता है His का प्रयोग Noun से पूर्व हो सकता है  और Verb के बाद भो। क्योंकि यह possessive pronoun है और Posesive  अडजेक्टिवे भी।  👉 This is his book. 👉 This book is his. Noun का प्रयोग तब किया जाता है कब Noun का बोध हो। 👉 He ate much fruit, I ate none. (With none, the Noun fruit is not used, it's understood) (Noun के साथ Noun,-fruit का प्रयोग नहीं हुआ है। उसका बोध कराया गया है।)  Adjective of Quantity are always followed by a Singular Noun and this noun must be either Material or Abstract Noun Adjective of Quantity के पश्चात सदा एकवचन संज्ञा प्रयुक्त होती है। यह Noun  या तो  material or abstract 👉 Much bread (Material Noun) 👉 Much pain (Abstract Noun)

POINTS TO REMEMBER Descriptive Adjective के senrence में attributive प्रयोग होता है और predicative प्रयोग भी। यदि sentence में से इस adjective का प्रयोग किसी noun के पूर्व होता है तो इसे Attributive use of Descriptive Adjective कहते हैं। Examples: She is an intelligent girl. This is a black horse लेकिन जब sentence में adjective का प्रयोग  Noun के पश्चात होता है तो इसे predicative use of descriptive adjective कहते है। Examples; She is intelligent. The horse is black. कुछ ऐसे Demonstrative Adjective हैं जिनके साथ  सदैव Singular Noun का ही प्रयोग होता है। this OR that ऐसे ही adjective है। Examples: This shirt black. This girl is more beautiful that Neha. लेकिन कुछ ऐसे Demonstrative Adjective है जिनके साथ सदैव केवल Plural Noun का ही प्रयोग होता है। These, Those, Certain, Other ऐसे ही Adjective हैं। Examples:  These girl are good. Other/Certain men are good. Such और Any ऎसे Demonstrative Adjective हैं जिनके साथ Singular व Plural दोनों Noun का प्रयोग होता है। Examples: Such a man is good. Such men are good. NOTE Possessive Sentences में another का प्रयोग Singular Noun के साथ तथा other का प्रयोग  plural के साथ किया जाता है। Examples: He has done another work. He have done other works. Any other का प्रयोग Singular और Plural दोनों ही Noun के साथ सदैव Negative Sentenceमें किया जाता है। Examples:  She has not done any other work. She has not done any other works निम्नलिखित Structure को याद रखें। 1.A/an/a certain/this/that/another+SCN Examples I met a certain girl 2. Such /the same/any/the other + SCN/PCN Examples: This is the same book. These are the same books. I don't like such a shirt. I don't like such shirt. 3. Certain/other/these/those + PCN Example : I met certain women. Each का प्रयोग 'दो या दो से अधिक व्यक्तियों या वस्तुओं में से 'प्रत्येक' के sense में किया जाता है  जबकि Every  का प्रयोग दो से अधिक व्यक्तियों या वस्तुओं में से प्रत्येक के अर्थ  में किया जाता है। Examples : Each boy has come. Every boy has come. Either का प्रयोग 'दो में से कोई एक' तथा Neither का प्रयोग 'दो में से कोई नहीं' के अर्थ में किया जाता है। Examples: Either student can solve the sum. Neither road is good. NOTE Each/Every/Either/Neither के पश्चात Singular Verb का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

2. Other Parts of Speech Used as Adjectives (1.) A Noun Nouns--Gold और Village का प्रयोग  Adjectives के रूप में किया जाता है। Examples: Manu is putting on a gold ring. She studies in a village school. (2) A Pronoun (in the Possessive Case) Examples:  My book is lost His mother is a nice lady. (3) A Participle Examples:  He has a working knowledge of Grammar He is a shining student. (4) A Gerund Examples: I have lost the writing pad. Where is my walking stick? (5) Verb (in the Infinitive Mood) Examples; This house is to let. Give me some water to drink. (6) An Adverb Examples: He left by the down train. The then king was very cruel (7) A Preposition. Examples:  He is a man of virtue. He is a person in distress (8) Compound Phrases used as Adjective : 1, On the spot checking. 2. Long-distance, 3, Runner, 4. eyeball-to-eyeball, 5. Delivery, 6. Up-to-date data,  7. Happy-go-lucky fellow, 8. The ocean going

Adjective Used As Nouns. Adjective निम्नलिखत Cases में Noun के रूप में प्रयुक्त होते हों। Case (1) : कभी कभी ये plural Nouns के रूप में प्रयुक्त होए हैँ तथा एक जाति का प्रतिनिधत्व करते हैं। 👉The good (good person) prosper in the end. 👉 The poor (poor person)must be pitied. Case. (2) : कभी कभी Adjectives Singular Nouns के रूप में  use होते हैं और किसी Abstract गुण को दर्शाते हैं। 👉  All the motions of his nature turned towards the true, the nature, the Sweet, the Gentle--De Quincey. Case (3) : वे Adjectives जो Proper Nouns से बनते हैं या जो व्यक्ति या वस्तुओं को इंगित करते हैं, Nouns की तरह प्रयुक्त होते हैं। 👉 The Indians are proud of their heritage. 👉 The Indians didn't prove to be good soldiers. Case (4) कुछ वाक्यांशों में Adjectives Nouns की तरह प्रयुक्त होते हैं 👉 Slow and steady wins the race. 👉 He has left home for good. 👉 He plays fast and loose.

Adjective used as Noun Adjectives used as Noun in the Similar only Adjective used as Nouns in the Plural only Adjectives used as Noun in both All, whole, best, worst, much, more little, less etc. Opposites,moral, contraries, particulars, movable  eatables valuables, green, sweets, equals, ancients, moderns etc. Secret, liquid, Solid, Total, Capital,  Junior, Senior, Minor, Mortal, Inferior Criminal, etc.

(II).  Adjectives and their Uses Adjectives can be used in two ways : Attributively– जब Adjective का use Noun से बिल्कुल पहले किया जाता है। Predicatively–जब Adjective का use Noun या Pronoun के बाद किया जाता है। Examples:  👉  This is a sweet mango. (Attributively) This mango is sweet.    (Predicatively Adjective ऐसे हैं जिनका use केवल Predicatively होता है। Examples:  The man is afraid. Rahul is alive. He is awake. Radha is well. Govind is aware of the fact (2). Some Phrases (वाक्यांशों) में Adjective को Noun के बाद लिखा जाता है। Examples Time immemorial, (अति प्राचीन काल), Heir apparent, (उत्तराधिकारी,) Body politic, (बॉडी पॉलिटिक,) President elect. (राष्ट्रपति चुनाव।) Things eternal, (बातें शाश्वत) Sum total, (योगफल,) God Almighty, (भगवान शक्तिशाली है।)etc Adjectives Genders, Cases and Numbers के लिए समान होता है। That  Examples: Exceptions– This and That ये केवल नंबर के अनुसार बदलते हैं। This changes to These and That to Those with plural Nouns. Plural Nouns के साथ This—Thase में परिवर्तन हो जाता है और That—Those में

(III) Rule/ Where and How to Use Adjectives

(1), समान्यता Adjective Noun के पूर्व use किया जाता है। Examples: 👉 He is a clever boy. 👉 She is a good singer.

(2) कुछ Phrase में Adjective को Noun के बाद लिखा जाता है। Examples: Time immemorial, heir apparent, body politic, President elect, things eternal, sum total, Gold Almighty, etc (3) जब दो या दो  से अधिक Adjective एक Noun के लिए प्रयुक्त होते हैं तो उनको उस Noun के बाद भी लिखा जा सकता है। He is a man, simple, and hard working. Wordsworth was a poet, simple, original and unequalled (4)  जब Adjective किसी व्यक्ति के पद को दर्शाता है तो उसे Noun के बाद लिखा जाता है। Examples: Ashok, the great, Edward, the first, etc. (5) जब किसी Adjective के साथ कोई Explanatory Phrase (व्याख्यात्मक )जोड़ना हो तो Adjective Noun के बाद आया है। Examples: He spent a life full of troubles. A boy is stronger than the rest came forward to help me. (6) जब किसी Noun से पूर्व cardinal (One, Two, आदि), Oficial (First, Second) आदि तथा Multiplicative तीनों प्रकार के Numeral  Adjective आएं तो पहले Ordinal और  फिर Cardinal का तथा बाद में Multiplicative Adjective का प्रयोग होता है। Examples:  The Two first chapters of his thesis are introductory. (X) The First two chapters of his thesis are introductory (√) The first five single rooms. (√) (7) जब किसी Noun के पहले Numeral तथा Possessive दोनों ही Adjective का प्रयोग करना हो तो पहले Numeral तथा बाद में Possessive का प्रयोग किया जाता है। Examples: My all brothers have arrived. (X) All my brothers have arrived. (√) (8) The, This That का प्रयोग Numeral Adjective के बाद किया जाता है। पहले नहीं। Examples: The all boys are absent.(x) All the boys are absent.(√) This all is true.(x) All  this is true. (9) Kind & Sort में साथ This & That का प्रयोव होता है those नही । Examples: I have this kind of thing. I like plants of that sort. (10) कुछ Adjective का प्रयोग Noun के बाद ही किया जा सकता है। Examples : Asleep, awake alone, alike, aware, affoat, et. Examples:  Who is the greatest man alive? You cannot lift this box alone.

3. Adjective and Degree of Comparison  Adjective have three degree comparison  Positive Degree :The water of this stream is cool Comparative Degree: The water of The Ganga is cooler. Superlative Degree : The global water in the mountains is the coolest. (I) Positive Degree Positive degree (Noun की साधारणत विशेषता बताती है। He is a bold boy. (II) Comparative Degree: Comparative Degree expresses Aag the more of the same form. Comparative Degree उस विशेषता की अधिक या कम degree बताती है। इसका प्रयोग दो वस्तुओं या व्यक्तियों की तुलना करने में होता है। इसके बाद साधारणत 'than' का प्रयोग होता है। He is bolder than Mohan. (III) Superlative Degree: Superlative degree का प्रयोग तब होता है जब तुलना दो से अधिक  वस्तुओं या व्यक्तियों में हो। इसके पूर्व साधारणत 'the' का प्रयोग होता है तथा बाद में 'of' का। He is the boldest of all the boys inhis classed Degree of Comparison. जब  Syllable के Adjective के साथ 'er' या 'r' जोड़कर Comparative बनता है तथा 'est' या 'st' जोड़कर  Superlative बनता है। Positive Comparative Superlative High Fine Bold Bright Cold Deep Great Goldy Brave Grave True Higher Finer Bolder Brighter Colder Deeper Greater Goldier Braver Graver Truer Highest Finest Boldest Brightest Coldest Deepest Greatest Godliest Bravest Gravest Truest 2. जब positive Adjective के अंत में (e) या (ow)  हो तो उनमें (er) और (est) जोड़ दिया जाता है। Positive Comparative Superlative Polite Narrow Politer Narrower Politest Narrowest 3. जब Positive Adjective के अंत मे (y) हो तो उससे पहले consonant आए तो (er), (est) जोड़ने से पूर्व (y) को (i) में परिवर्तित कर दिया जाता है। Happy Dry Early Happier Drier Earlier Happiest Driest Earliest 4. वो Syllables के तथा दो से अधिक  syllables के Adjectives के comaratives positive में (more) या (most) श्रेष्ठता दिखाने के लिये या (less) (least) (कम दर्शाने के लिए) लगाने पड़ते हैं। Harmful Negligent More/less harmful More/less negligent Most/least harmful Most/least negligent Euphony (श्रुतिमधुरता) के लिये कोई भी adjective की तुलना positive में More या Most लगाकर की जा सकती है। Dry Thin More dry More thin Most dry Most thin 5. कुछ Adjective की तुलना Irregular के रूप में होती है। कुछ उदाहरण निम्नलिखित हैं। Bad, evil, ill Far Good Hind Late Little Many Near Nigh Old Out Up Worse Farther Better Hinder Later (time) Latter (order) Less, Lesser More Nearer Nigher Older, Eldrer Outer Upper Worst Farthest Best Hindermost, Hindmost Latest Least Most Nearest, Next Oldest, Eldest Outermost Upmost,  Uppermost 6. Positive Degree का प्रयोग दो व्यक्तियों/वस्तुओं के मध्य  समान गुणात्मक तुलना के लिए किया जाता है।  (As….As)का प्रयोग positive comparative तथा (not as…..as) (Not so….as) का प्रयोग Negative Comparison के लिए होता है। Examples: He is as intelligent as his father. (Positive comparison= He is not as intelligent as his brother. OR He is not so intelligent as his brother. (Negative Comparison) 7. Comparative Degree का प्रयोग दो व्यक्तियों/वस्तुओम के मध्य असमान गुणात्मक तुलना के लिए होता है। Examples: The boy is taller than that. This boy is the taller of the two 8. Comparative Degree का प्रयोग एक व्यक्ति /वस्तु की तुलना  अनेक व्यक्ति/वस्तुओं से करने के लिए होता है। Examples: Ram is clever than the other boys. जब दो व्यक्तियों/वस्तुओं/गुणों की तुलना की जाती है तो तुलना सही होनी चाहिये। Incorrect My book is better than Ram Correct My book is better than Ram's Or My book is better than the book of Ram. My book is better than that of Ram 9. Than के बिना भी Comparative Degree Adjective का प्रयोग होता है। (a), किसी Noun या One के साथ— Examples : He deserves a better reward. Give me a smaller one. (b) Predicative Sentence में— Examples : It's colder this evening. Ram is better now. 10 जब दो व्यक्तियों/वस्तुओं के दो गुणों की तुलना की जाय, तो Comparative Degree के लिए (er) के स्थान पर (More/Less) का प्रयोग होता है। Examples: He is more wise than mind She is more industrious than intelligent. 11. जब किसी व्यक्ति, वस्तु, को अन्य सभी व्यक्तियों/वस्तुओं से सर्वोत्तम बताया जाता है तो (the…..Of/the…..In) कथन  के साथ Adjective की Superlative डिग्री का प्रयोग किया जाता है। Examples:  The girl is the cleverest of all. He is the most intelligent boy in the class. 12. यदि किसी वाक्य में दो या दो से अधिक प्रयुक्त Adjective में  पहला superlative Degree में होना चाहिये। Examples:  This is the best and most interesting (note just interesting) books that has ever been written. She is the ablest and richest (not just rich) lady in the towm 13. यदि किसी वाक्य में Adjective से पहले (one of का प्रयोग हो तो Adjective Superatove degree) में प्रयुक्त होता है। Examples: He is one of the tallest boys in the class. This is one of the most popular books available in the market.

(1). Rules When and how to use Comparative Degree (1), जब दो व्यक्ति या वस्तओं को Compare किया जाता है अर्थात उनकी तुलना की जाती है, तब हम Comparative Degree का प्रयोग करते हैं। Examples: He is taller than his father. (Two person have been compared) The box is larger than the older. (This box and the other box have been compared) (2) जब एक ही व्यक्ति में दो अलग अलग गुणों (Qualities) को compare किउल जाता है, तब Positive Degree में '(er)' लगाने की अपेक्षा '(more)' लगाकर Comparative Degree बनाया जाता है।                     More + Positive Degree Example : She is more humble (not humbler) than polite. (3) जब दो व्यक्तियों या वस्तुओं में से किसी एक को चुनना होगा यानि एक व्यक्ति या वस्तु विशेष की बात होगी तो Degree of Comparison के बाद '(Of)'  लगेगा और उसके बाद '(the)' का प्रयोग होगा। Example : Gita is taller of the two sisters. (4) यदि एक idea पर जोर डालने के लिए एक ही वाक्य में दो Comparatives का प्रयोग हो रहा है तो दोनों में से पहले definite article '(the)' का प्रयोग होना चाहिए। Examples : The higher you go, the cooler it is. The more we get, the more we desire. (5) जब एक व्यक्ति या वस्तु उसी प्रकार के दूसरे व्यक्ति या वस्तु से compare की जाए, तो Comparative Degree के बाद '(other)' का प्रयोग होता है। ऐसे वाक्य में आमतौर पर पहले '(any)' या '(all)' आता है। अर्थात 'any other' या 'all other' का प्रयोग होता है। Examples : Kalidas is greater than any other dramatist. Lead is heavier than all other metals. (6) (a) सात Latin adjectives जिनके अंत मे–'(ior)' आता है (Prior, Junior, senior, superior, inferior, anterior, (पहले)  और posterior (बाद में), के बाद हमेशा '(to)' आता है '(than)' नहीं। Examples:  He is senior to me. The book is superior to that book. (b) Senior, Junior, Superior, & Inferior का use Positive Degree में भी हो सकता है। Examples: A junior fellow, a Senior Member, Inferior Taste, etc. (c.) 'Preferable' को Comparative Degree के Adjective की तरह भी use कर सकते हैं। (Preferable) के बाद भी '(to)' ही use होता है '(than)' नहीं। Example:  Dinesh is preferable to begging. (Not than begging) (d) English comparative– Elder, former, latter, inner, outer, upper, upper, hinder अब comparative degree की तरह use नहीं होते (अर्थात इन्हें इसी प्रकार Positive degree में मान कर use किया जाता है। और Latin comparative-major, minor, interior, exterior, ulterior आदि adjective भी Positive degree में ही use होते हैं । e.g. major, minor, interior, exterior, ulterior. (e) degree of comparison को intensify (तेज) करने के लिए हम comparative से पहले (a) या (much) लगाते हैं। Examples : Your bag is a far better than that of mine. His. Today's performance was much better than that of last time. (f) Double comparatives का use avoid करना चाहिए Examples: He is more cleverer than his sister. (X) He is cleverer than his sister. (√) (II) (RULES) Superlative Degree Superlative Degree का प्रयोग कैसे व कब करें : जब एक ही प्रकार के दो से अधिक व्यक्तियों या वस्तुओं की तुलना की जाए तो Superlative Degree का use होता है।     "He is one of the best students in the class." Degree की इस form से पहले अधिकतर '(the)' और बाद में '(of)' लगता है। जब Superlative Degree के adjective से पहले Possessive Adjective या Possessive case का noun आ जाए तो वहां '(the)' का use नहीं होता। Examples :  Which is the Kalidasa's the best play? (X) Which is Kalidasa's the best play? (√) (4)  Degree और Comparison को intensify करने के लिए हम Superlative Degree से पहले (by far) का use करते हैं। Examples : Chandigarh is by far (अब तक का) the most planned city of India. (5) Doue Superlatives का use avoid करना चाहिए। Examples: He was the most strongest wrestler of the team. (X) He was the strongest wrestler of India. (√)

Examples:  The man is afraid. Rahul is alive. He is awake. Radha is well. Govind is aware of the fact

5. Comparative Forms Editing im-'or' As we have already read, Tbere are 12 words of Comparative forms which words are taken from Latin Language. In these words following 5 are ended with 'Or"' Interior+or=interior Exterior+or=Exterior Ulteri+or=Ulterior. Maj+or=Major Min+or=Minor  Examples: This house needs major repairs. इस घर को बड़ी मरम्मत की जरूरत है I have no ulterior motive in the work. काम में मेरा कोई उल्टा मकसद नहीं है। In the accident, he got minor injuries हादसे में उसे मामूली चोटें आई हैं। The exterior wall is of stone but the interior wall is of wood.  बाहरी दीवार पत्थर की है लेकिन भीतरी दीवार लकड़ी की है। After these Adjectives neither attached 'than' and nor 'to' .  Because they are not used  'Comparative Sense'.  Remain 7 words are still used meaning of Comparative. And  They are used like Comparative Adjective. But opposite of Comparative Construction (Sense) with them 'than' to replaced 'to' add. Those are 7. Inferi-or, Superi-or, Juni-or, Seni-or, Anter-or, Posteri-or Examples: My T.V. is a Superior to yours. He is junior to me in service. This painting is inferior to that one. He is senior to me by six years.

6. Some Important Rules Some adjectives such as Unique, ideal, perfect, extreme, complete, universal, infinite, perpetual, chief, entire, round, impossible are not compared. Examples: It's a unique collection. This is an ideal book for M.B.A. (entrance) 2. When one only person or thing's two quality compare then ('er') ending  comparative can't be used. Examples: He is more intelligent and more wise than his brother. 3. When in Superlative or Comparative Degree two Adjectives are used to gather Then adding with one Adjective 'More'  or 'Most' other Adjective is used Examples: You are more wise than old. (4) When different degree of Comparison are used two Comparative. Then they should be completed themselves. Example: He is as wise as if not wiser than his brother. (5) When two changes are gradually togather while slow then in both use Comparative Degree. (It denotes Gradual increase or decrease) Sarika is getting fatter and fatter, (मोटा और मोटा)  Macbeth was becoming more and more ambitions. The higher you go, the cooler it is.

(6) When Comparative Degree uses in Superlative Sense, after than 'any other' added. You are better any other singer

(7)  'Worth' adding a Compound Adjective placed after a noun. This is a sight worth seeing.

(8) When two or more other comparative 'and' is added, these should have been 'same degree used. If one is of Adjective positive Degree then another also would be Positive Degree. If one is an Adjective Comparative Degree then another also would be Comparative Degree.If one is an Adjective Superlative Degree then another also would be In Superlative Degree.In sentence if for one person or things Degree's two Adjectives were used then we one only Adjective before an Article is used. Mr. Rao was one of the wisest and most learned principle of the univercity. Ram is the best and tallest boy of the class. Ram is a good and tall boy.  She is a good singer and dancer

(9) If Comparison has two Objects then to avoid repetition the Noun with Singular Noun 'that' and Plural, used 'those'. Let's see- This book is better than that of yours/ The climate of kullu is colder than that of Delhi. These dresses are costlier than those of mine

(10) if Comparison is used 'other', then "but" placed into "than". He turned out to be no other than my  friends

(11) Likely’, certain and ‘sure’ after ‘to’ is used. Yo are likely TO lose We are sure to win. it is certain to change

(12) Position Degree is used  before 'Enough' not other than Comparative or Superlative Degree. He is smart enough to get selected for this prestigious post. Giving Sentence part I after will use placed  smart to smarter.

(13) "To" is used after 'prefect' if it compares between two Noun. I prefer tea to coffee.9 Note: But, if compared between  two infinitive than 'rather than' is used. She prefers to sit rather than stand. Note; Preferable after to is used. Winter is preferable to simmer.

(14) if sentence [One of the + Superlative Degree Adjective+Noun+ if not+the +Superlative Degree Adjective] used than in as sentences [One of the+Superlative Degree Adjective after ee plural noun is used, but [If not+superlative Degree Adjective] after we are used singular noun.When the Adjective before 'most' is used.then Before adjective More or Most is used . That Adjective we use on each other's side. Ram is one of the best boys if not the best boys of his class.l Mahatma Gandhi was one of the greatest leaders if not the greatest  leader of the world.

(15) if the sentence in Comparative Degree of Superlative Degree's two Adjective with used and Comparative Degree's such a adjective before more and Superlative Degree 's such a Adjective before More or 'Most is used than which adjective before more or must  is used . That adjective we uses each other places Ram is taller and more intelligent than Rakesh. Anwar is the tallest and most intelligent boy of his class.

(16) In the sentence, If "than" and than after  any singular noun ha used, we "than and singular noun, it use "(Any Other). [S+V+Than+Any Other+Singular Noun+O] Ram is better than any other boy of his class. Sita is more beautiful than any other girl here Note: (1) if the Comparison Degree Adjective in such sentences, yhan and than after any plural noun is used than  and  Plural noun between  we 'all other" uses.  Examples: [S+V+than+All other+Plural Noun] Ram is better than all other boys of his class. Sita is more beautiful than all other girls here if the Comparison Degree Adjective after than and after than an Indefinite Pronoun is used. Then we that indefinite Pronoun after "else" uses Examples: Ram is better than anybody else in the class. Sita is more beautiful than anybody else here. (17) if in sentences relatively/comparatively/fairly after any adjective to use then we in such sentences' Positive Degree Adjectives only are used, because Comparatively or Fairly after Comparative Degree's Adjective to use is wrong. Examples: Ram is comparatively good. तुलनात्मक दृष्टि से This room is relatively better. अपेक्षा से This book is fairly good and longer than the last one. दूसरे की तुलना सर (18) Equally and as not to be uses. Examples: Jaya is (Equally(x)) as intelligent as Navneet. Jaya and Navneet are equally intelligent.

7. Some Confusing Adjectives. Generally, Adjectives are studied in Group or Pair, So we will these studies in which according these group comes from them; 1 Some, Any√ 2 Older, Elder√ 3 Few, A few, The Few 4 Farther, Further£ 5 Little,A little,The little√ 6 Mutual, Common 7 Less, Lesser√ 8 First, Foremost√ 9 Much, Many 10 All, Whole 11 Less, Lesser 12 Each, Every 13 Oral, Verbal 14 Either, Neither 15 Many many  a Great many 16 Whole, The whole, The whole of, A whole 17 Sick, Ill 18 Enough 19 Nearest, Next 20 Later, Latter, Latest, Last 21 Each other, One another, 22 Beautiful, Handsome. Usage (1), Some / Any (A,) Some' is being Used; With Uncountable Noun where it means:  (थोड़ा या थोड़ी मात्रा में) (A little, A small Quantity.) Such Question which it request showed. Do you have some water? Will you buy some  fruit from me? 'Some' is used besides Affirmative, only Question (Negative Nature) Examples: Can't you spare some time for my job? Haven't I given you some money. For shopping purpose? (B) 'Any' is being used; In Negative Sentence. "There is not  any sugar in kitchen." In Interrogative Sentences. "Are there any students in the class? 'Hardly' 'Scarcely' 'Barely' After with  'Hardly, Scarcely and Barely. "I have hardly any money." After 'if'.  " If you have any problem, please tell me.

(2) Older, /Elder (A,) Old (Position), Older(Comparative), Oldest (Superlative)  With Person, Animals and Things are being Used; You're older than me. The building is older than that one. My father is the oldest member of the club. I have seen the oldest playground of Asia Note: Older (and oldest) refers to the persons who don't belong to the same family.

(B) Elder (and Eldest) is being used with only one of the family members.  But it can't be used any anything. My elder brother is a doctor. I'm the eldest of all my brothers. 'Elder' and 'Older' isn't followed by 'than' in some cases. It may be followed by 'to' She is older/ elder to me.

(3) Few / A Few / The Few  Few (कुछ की): Few is Negative and opposite of Many It means with Plural Noun usages: (थोड़ा बहुत) We get few holidays in winter.. (B) A Few (कुछ): A Few Positive of series. It means (थोड़ी सा, न के बराबर) Only a few boys passed the test. He returns from America after a few days (.C) The Few: जो कुछ भी बचा है , सब कुछ (पर्याप्त): "The Few" Two statements shows: (I) Negative (iI)  Positive (it means :  (II) अधिक नहीं परन्तु (ii) जितने भी हैं। (I). He lost the few books that he borrowed from me. (II) The few poems that he wrote, are very popular.

(4) Further / Farther Further, means: आगे कुछ और (अतिरिक्त) (I) Further discussion will be held in the office.     (इसके आगे की चर्चा आफिस में होगी) II. Further I'd like to add something for your information.     (इससे आगे में आपकी जानकारी के लिए कुछ बताना चाहता हूँ। Farther means: अधिक दूर) Chandigarh is farther from Agra than Delhi Please come to my house first, your house is farther than  that of mine.

(5) Less / Lesser: (in a small degree) (A), Less, means: (थोड़ा सा) i it is used in Noun, Adjective and Adverb. It won't cost less than twenty rupees. (Noun) My experiences are less than that of yours. (Adjective) To go there is less difficult than to stay here. (Adverb) (B) Lesser: Lesser may/can be used only Adjective like. Lesser is 'Further from 'less' e.g. Choose the lesser evil of  both. Examples: Choose the lesser evil of the two

(6) Mutual  / Common (A), Manual : it means ' Reciprocal' (आपस में पारस्परिक) Only the natural understanding between  husband and wife can make the life smoother. Matual relationship between India and America are glowing day by day. (B) Common: It means belonging to many.i It's the common room of our school. Ram is our common friend.

(7) Little / A Little / The Little (A), Little: (Negative) न के बराबर There is little hope of his success. (B) A little ; (Positive) थोड़ी बहुत A little : A little knowledge is a dangerous thing Please get me a little of it. Will you stay here a little longer. (C.) The little: (Amount) जो कुछ थोड़ा The little money I had was spent by me in purchasing this medicine. His the little knowledge of swimming saved him today. Note: Few and Little, A Few and A Little, and The Few and The Little's mean not difference because sensees are (कुछ नहीं, कुछ, तथा जो कुछ थोड़ा) । View of Grammar in which difference that  Few/A Few/The Few with Plural Countable Noun is used. And Little/A Little/The Little with Singular Uncountable Noun. Example: I have less friends and fewer milk than Ram. In there should be  'less' replaced 'fewer' and 'fewer' replaced 'less'  (8) First / ForeMost (A), First: 'First: shows 'Order or Position' First – कर्म या स्थिति दिखाना (बाकी सबसे समय या कर्म में पहले) He stood first in the class. He sold the goods on the 'first' come 'first serve' basis. The first edition of to his book was published last year. (B) Foremost : (सबसे महत्वपूर्ण) Nehru Ji was the foremast politician of his time. (65)

(9) Much / Many / Many a / a great many (A.) Much : मात्रा को दर्शाता है। There is no much sugar in the pot. (B) Many : संख्या को दर्शाता है। Many ladies were standing in the queue. I have many frocks for you. (C,)  Many a : 'Singular Noun' and 'Singular Verb' are used with it. Many a guest (बाहर सारे अतिथि)-were returning without taking dinner. (D) A great many : These are used equal 'Many'. A great many people (बहुत से लोग) enjoyed the show.

(10) All / Whole (A). All : “All” shows many things togather. All men are mortal. All the boys were making a noise. (B) “The whole: It is used before “Proper Noun” The whole of the country paid homage to the soldiers who died in Kargil and Drass etc.

(11) Less / Fewer  “Less” : It shows less amount (  The length of this Saree is less than five metres The less you listen, the less you ecquire.  आप जितना कम सुनते हैं, उतना ही कम हासिल करते हैं। (B) Fewer : It shows numbers There are no fewer than twenty boxes in the room. He has no fewer than ten thousand rupees in the account.

(12)  Each / Every (A), 'Each” Each is used for any one of many people or things Each man should do exercise to stay fit. Each boys of the class received gifts on the eve of Children's Day. There were two racing cycles. That cost Rs. three thousand each. (B) Every : Every is used for any one of many persons or things’ Every is used for any one of many people or things. Every का प्रयोग बहुत से व्यक्तियों या वस्तुओं में से किसी एक के लिये किया जाता है. He goes for morning walk everyday. Every man dies in the world.

[13] Oral. / Verbal (A), Oral : Oral means words spoken by mouth (मुहं से कहे गए शब्द) (It's opposite the 'Verbal') He sent me an oral message. (B) Verbal : it means considered with words.(शब्दों से सम्बंधित) There is no much difference between  'oral' and 'Verbal'

[14] Either / Neither (A), Either : Either means one of the two or both. There are shady trees on either side of the road. You have to choose one book : either this one or that side. He can write with either hand. (both) (B) Neither : 'Neither' is the negative of 'either.' 'Neither'. (Neither is opposite 'Either'.) I can speak on neither side. Neither you nor he did the work. Neither of the two books is cheap.

(15) Sick / I'll (A), Sick : Sick means 'get sick' (थोड़ी सी तबियत खराब होना (बीमार) I'm feeling sick. (B) Ill (ILL): I'll means (बीमार होना) He has been ill for past ten days.

(16) Enough (काफी) (A,) Enough ; We use 'Enough' only in Singular and Plural  (both) sentences.  It shows since of (पर्याप्त) I have enough money to buy all the books. You have enough time to think over it. There are enough fruits in the basket.

(17) Nearest / Next (A), Nearest: Nearest means closest, this gives a sense of distance. He was the nearest person from my place. You were standing nearest to me. (B) Next : This  gives us a sense of 'Order, Position. It express ''position' The doctor asked the next patient to come inside. He stood next to me in rank.

(18) Later, / Latter / Latest /  Last (A,) Letter: It shows 'later' in order of time.  (late in time.) My father reached later than I expected (अपेक्षा) (B) The meaning of the letter refers to the second order or place. (B) Latter : Letter का अर्थ दूसरे क्रम या  स्थान को दर्शाता है। The latter information was more valuable than the former. (.C) Latest : Lates shows the time.(समय को दर्शाता है।) What is the latest news about the election? He used to wear the clothes of latest fashion. (D) Last :Last means indicating the last position or sequence.  He called the boy standing last in the queue. Note: 'Later' is opposite of 'Earlier' and Letter's is opposite of 'Former'

(19) Beautiful / Handsome (A).It is used for Girls/Women She is very beautiful. (B) it is used for Boy/Gents. The tall, handsome boy is standing at bus stop.

(20) Each Other, / One Another (A,) Each other : Each other; Used for two things and persons Each other का प्रयोग दो वस्तुओं व व्यक्तियों के लिए किया जाता है These two boys love each other. Both of them rebuked each other. (B) 'One another' का प्रयोग दो वस्तुओं से अधिक के लिए किया जाता है। ('One another' is used for more than two things.) They abused one another All the students in my class help one another.

(21) Due to / Owing to (A),'Due to' It is used with the verb in the form of Adjectival complement यह verb के साथ Adjectival Complement के रूप में प्रयोग होता है। Due to heavy rain, the match was postponed. (B) 'Owing to' it is only a prepositional phrans and is generally used in the beginning of a sentence. यह केवल prepositional phrase है तथा सामान्यता वाक्य के आरम्भ में प्रयोग होता है। Owing to his careless driving , we met with an accident.

(22) Outer / Utter (A) Outer The outer referred to position यह स्थिति दर्शाता है।    The outer wall needs be repaired.  (B) Uttar यह degree दर्शाता है In utter despair,  She come to me for help

EXERCISE 4.1 /49 EXERCISE 4.2/ 100 (Page no 54-72)

Definition of Adjectives :

Adjectives are to modify Noun and Pronoun any phrases and part of speech. Functioning as a noun

=> Johan wears a red glasses.(noun)

=>She is Clever.(pronoun)

=> A large 'group of soldier' passing (phrase) 

=> Excellent 'writing is required for a job' (part of speech functioning noun)

1, Noun, 2, Pronoun, 3 Phrase, 4, Part of speech functioning noun.

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Some interesting facts :

Sometimes Noun से भी just पहले , 

1, Noun Adjective बन जाता है।

Example :

=>I drink hot tea

=>I like lemon coffee.

=> Where is my English book?

=> She is in the ladies room

=> This is a plastic chair

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2, Verb adjective बन सकता है।

=> I saw a weeping boy.

=> This is my seen movie.

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3, Adjective clause

=> This is the boy 'who always sit next to me."

=> The book, 'that I wrote' is being published in July.

=> The village, 'where I was born' is special.

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4, Adjective phrases

=> She is very good swimmer

Types of Adjectives :

1, Adjective Quality (Good, Bad, Ugly, Beautiful, etc)

2 Adjective Determiner (This, That, My, Our, Many, Any, A, An The etc)

3, Adjective Compound (Top- Right, Last-Minute, Sugar-free

4, Adjective Interrogative (Who Whom , Which,  Whose, etc)

5, Adjective Proper (Indian, Italian, Shakespearean etc.

6, Adjective collective (The Rich, The Poor, 

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Some Special Rules :

Some adjective don't admit

1, Comparative and Superlative Degree.(Perfect, Unique, Ideal, Conative, Excellent, Impossible, Supreme )

Example : 

=>I have never seen a more compete book on G.K. 

=> India has the most supreme power in space field.

2, Positive, adj+Er Adj +Est

Tall, Taller, Tallest

3, Positive, More, Most

, Popular, More popular,Most popular 

Beautiful, More Beautiful, Most Beautiful.

4, Irregular rule :

Good Better Best.

Bad, Worse, Wrist.

Little Less Least

High, (positive) ,not other than

Higher, (cooperative)than any other

Highest (Superlative)The...all

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We use when compare-2 people are things. Most comparative adjectives 'end with er'  We often add "than" after comparative adjectives. Example: tall => taller than If the one -syllable adjective ends with a single consent with a vowel before it, Double the consonant and add +er Example:  Big => bigger than With Some adjectives having two are more syllables on sounds  We add more  However, for adjectives ending with y , we change y into I and add er  Example: +Easy => easier than +Interesting => more interesting than

S

Me The order of adjectives Very often, we put fact adjectives in this order : Quantity or Number Quality or opinion. Six Age. Shape Color Proper adjective (often rationality, other place of origin, material Purpose of qualifier.

Adjective (विशेषण)  In english grammar "adjective" is such a word that is modified to nouns and pronouns. "Ram is a good boy" Ram is a noun and it modify adjective "good' "She is a beautiful"  "She" is a pronoun that modifies "beautiful" is an adjective "I saw a black dog" "Dog".Is a Noun and 'black' adjective is his modified. (Good, black, beautiful) are an adjectives of Noun and pronoun (Ram, She, Dog.)

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